Glucose against

Figure 8. The order of the reaction in glycine. Plotting the logarithms of the rate of conversion of glucose against the concentration of glycine in the presence/absence of phosphate...

One of the purposes of the kidneys is to transfer useful chemicals from the urine to the blood, and toxins from the blood to the urine. In the transport of glucose from the urine to the blood, the kidneys are transporting glucose against a concentration gradient (that is,... 

Fig. 6. Detail of a 2D HSQC contour lines spectrum of a protein hydrolysate of Corynebacterium glutamicum showing the C -resonances of several amino acids as indicated. Cross-sections along the chemical shift dimension yield multiplets as in Fig. 3b that can be used to determine relative isotopomer abundancies. The cells were incubated with glucose against a background of both unlabelled and [1- C]glucose...

The epithelial cells of the kidneys and the small intestine can transport glucose against a concentration gradient via a Na - dependent transporter (Devaskar and Mueckler, 1991). In addition, in these same epithelial cells, Na -independent glucose transporters have been identified (Harris et al., 1992). Mammary epithelial cells utilize large quantities of glucose... 

A mechanism in which glucose transport is coupled with a Na gradient is postulated for the active transport of glucose, against a concentration gradient, from the small intestine into the blood stream, and from the glomerular filtrate through the epithelial cell layer of the kidney tubuli into the blood. Na ... 

SIDEMAN I was intrigued by a side point regarding the L- and D-glucose. We here have developed a system for glucose transport between maternal and fetal circulation. Would it be useful to use L-glucose against which to compare D-glucose transport across a live placenta ... 

Several variations of the chemical method are in use. In the one described below, a freshly prepared Fehling s solution is standardised by titrating it directly against a standard solution of pure anhydrous glucose when the end-point is reached, I. e., when the cupric salt in the Fehling s solution is completely reduced to cuprous oxide, the supernatant solution becomes completely decolorised. Some difficulty is often experienced at first in determining the end-point of the reaction, but with practice accurate results can be obtained. The titrations should be performed in daylight whenever possible, unless a Special indicator is used (see under Methylene-blue, p. 463). 

Fig. 2. A representation of the cellulose chain ia solution, projected against three two-dimensional surfaces. The circles represent the oxygen atoms that link the iadividual glucose residues, and the lines take the place of the sugar residues. This result of a modeling study (39) iadicated a molecule somewhat more...

Glucose oxidase (from Aspergillus niger) [9001-37-0] Mf 186,000, [EC 1.1.3.4]. Purified by dialysis against deionized water at 6° for 48hours, and by molecular exclusion chromatography with Sephadex G-25 at room temperature. [Holt and Cotton J Am Chem Soc 109 1841 1987.]... 

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) forms a physiological barrier between the central nervous system and the blood circulation. It consists of glial cells and a special species of endothelial cells, which form tight junctions between each other thereby inhibiting paracellular transport. In addition, the endothelial cells of the BBB express a variety of ABC-transporters to protect the brain tissue against toxic metabolites and xenobiotics. The BBB is permeable to water, glucose, sodium chloride and non-ionised lipid-soluble molecules but large molecules such as peptides as well as many polar substances do not readily permeate the battier. 

Glucose transporters are integral membrane proteins that catalyze the permeation of sugars into cells, along or against a concentration gradient. 

Figure 4.1 Graph of Cp, m against T for glucose. The circles represent the experimental data points. The heat capacity becomes zero at 0 K.

Figure 4.2 Graph of Cp m/T against T for glucose. The area under the curve to the selected temperature gives the entropy at that temperature (in this example, 298.15 K).

Equation (4.4) indicates that at low temperatures, a graph of Cp.m/T against T2 should be a straight line with an intercept of zero at T = 0. Figure 4.3 shows such a graph for glucose, where the lowest measurement is at approximately 7.5 K (T2 = 56 K2). A straight-line relationship is obtained below T= 14 K... 

Figure 4.3 Graph of Cp.m/T against T2 for glucose. The extrapolation to 0 K is a straight line that can be used to calculate the entropy below the temperature of lowest measurement.

Sodium SGLTl -dependent unidirectionai transporter Small intestine and kidney Active uptake of glucose from lumen of intestine and reabsorption of glucose in proximal tubule of kidney against a concentration gradient... 

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