Transmission type

Drivetrain efficiency depends on the rotational speed of individual components in the drivetrain and on the torque being transmitted. With a manual transmission, maximum drivetrain efficiency can be as high as 95 percent, but with an automatic transmission it falls closer to 85 percent. The pas-sciigcr-car transmission seldom runs at its maximum efficiency point, however. For both transmission types, drivetrain efficiency trends toward zero as the transmitted torque approaches zero. Note the following ... 

Dyson, J. A transmission-type interferometer microscope. Nature 164, 229... 

Figure 11.17 Temperature probes for contact measurement, (a) The reflection-type probe, (b) the transmission-type probe.

Figure 10.19. (a) Polarizing photomicrograph of agate banding, (b) Transmission-type electron photomicrograph [16]. 

All of these instruments were designed to give enlargements of the source emitting electrons. The first electron microscope which could magnify objects not being electron sources was built in 1940 by H. Mahl and H. Bruchs. It was a transmission type electrostatic microscope... 

Fig. 2. Lens system used in transmission-type electron microscope. (left I optical convex lens t, Right) electromagnetic lens...

This type of electron microscope is completely different in principle and application from the conventional transmission-type electron microscope. In the scanning instrument, the surface of a solid sample is bombarded with a fine probe of electrons, generally less than 100 A in diameter. The sample emits secondary electrons that are generated by the action of the primary beam. These secondary electrons are collected and amplified by the instrument. Since the beam strikes only one point on the sample at a lime, the beam must be scanned over the sample surface in a raster pattern to generate a picture of the surface sample. The picture is displayed on a cathode ray tube from which it can be photographed. 

Laser microprobe mass analyzers permit mass spectrometric analysis of very small volumes (0.01-1 pm3) of thin Sections. The method is based on laser induced ion production from a microvolume and analysis of the evaporated ions in a time-of-flight mass-spectrometer. The technique allows detection of all elements and isotopes with a sensitivity approaching the ppm range and an extremely low limit of detection 10 15 to 10-20 g. Transmission type instruments such as the LAMMA 500 are designed for the analysis of particles of 3 pm in diam. The lateral resolution is about 0.5-1 pm. Because the area to be analyzed is selected by an optical microscope, distribution of chemical constituents can be precisely correlated with morphologic structures (Hillenkamp et al., 1982 39), Simons, 198440), Kaufmann, 1984)41 >. 

Kijjc = constant multiplier to convert ppm (or %) to grams per mile, a function of the average inertial weight of the car and the transmission type (manual or automatic)... 

General Trends and Emerging Technologies 10.9.1 Transmission Types... 

The optical cells described so far have mainly been used as batch-type reactors to study discontinuous fluid-phase reactions. Continuously operated high-pressure processes in tubular reactors are easily monitored by transmission-type cells, like that shown in Fig. 4.3, which are introduced into the product stream and perhaps also into the feed flux. The spectroscopic analysis may be performed on the main stream or by choosing some suitable by-pass arrangement. 

Both the transmission-type probe and the reflection-type probe, need be calibrated for their measuring range in local solids concentration. The calibration of optic fiber probes is known to be a difficult problem. Calibration methods fall into two categories the first is to calibrate a probe against agitated or fluidized liquid—solid systems the second is to use particle free-fall in gas—solid systems or the traditional pressure drop method for fluidized solids the third is in a flow system with particle density deduced from mass flux of particles and measurement where phase velocities were nearly equal. 

Since dispersion of solids in a fluid-particle system is in a random state of movement, and the signals of light output from both the transmission-type and the reflection-type probes are dependent on diameter, morphology, chromaticness, distance and refractivity of the particles, the signals produced by particles in random movement can only be described by random data analysis. 

When such features exist, they are penetrated by the electron beam so the material is represented by a three-dimensional point lattice and diffraction only occurs when the Ewald sphere intersects a point. This produces a transmission-type spot pattern. For smooth surfaces, the diffraction pattern appears as a set of streaks normal to the shadow edge on the fluorescent screen, due to the interaction of the Ewald sphere with the rods projecting orthogonally to the plane of the two-dimensional reciprocal lattice of the surface. The reciprocal lattice points are drawn out into rods because of the very small beam penetration into the crystal (2—5 atomic layers). We would emphasize, however, that despite contrary statements in the literature, the appearance of a streaked pattern is a necessary but not sufficient condition by which to define an atomically flat surface. Several other factors, such as the size of the crystal surface region over which the primary wave field is coherent and thermal diffuse scattering effects (electron—phonon interactions) can influence the intensity modulation along the streaks. 

The radiant sensitivity of different PMT types of the same cathode material can vary considerably, especially for NIR-sensitive tubes. Reflection-type cathodes are usually a bit more efficient than transmission type photocathodes. Even tubes of the same type and cathode material differ noticeably in their radiant sensitivity. 

In all the studies discussed, the grating is transmission-type, with the grating vector lying in the sample plane. Using azobenzene-containing polymer-stabilized and polymer-dispersed LCs (PSLCs and PDLCs), Running and coworkers... 

Fig. 3a, b. Basic configurations of measuring system (a) transmission type, (b) reflection type 2.4.2 Transducers... 

The absorptive/transmissive-type ECD operates with a reversible switching of the electrochromic materials between a colored state and a bleached state. Both working electrode and counter electrode are transparent so that light can pass through the device [4,5,15,250]. For flexible devices, ITO, SWNT, or PEDOT/PSS deposited onto a plastic such as poly(ethylene terepthalate) (PET) have been used [258,259]. When deposited in the doped form and dried, PEDOT/PSS films, to a thickness of 300 nm, are relatively transmissive in the visible region ( 75% T), have a relatively low resistivity (500 fi/D), and adhere to the plastic substrate in most common electrolyte solutions. The polymer films were demonstrated to be useable over the operating range of the device with no loss in conductivity or transmissivity. 

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