Experimental techniques transmission electron microscopy

The experimental techniques described above of charge—discharge and impedance are nondestructive. Tear-down analysis or disassembly of spent cells and an examination of the various components using experimental techniques such as Raman microscopy, atomic force microscopy, NMR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, XAS, and the like can be carried out on materials-spent battery electrodes to better understand the phenomena that lead to degradation during use. These techniques provide diagnostic techniques that identify materials properties and materials interactions that limit lifetime, performance, and thermal stabiity. The accelerated rate calorimeter finds use in identifying safety-related situations that lead to thermal runaway and destruction of the battery. 

There are many ways in which small metal particles can be created and examined (Section 3.2). When the gold particles are supported, the first step is to determine their mean size and size distribution for this there is no real substitute for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The various energetic and electronic properties then need to be examined, and the bases of the available experimental techniques will be briefly rehearsed in Section 3.3. Of particular interest is the point at which the change from metallic to nonmetallic behaviour occurs as size is decreased, because this corresponds very roughly to the point at which catalytic activity (at least for oxidation of carbon monoxide) starts to rise dramatically. Relevant experimental results and theoretical speculations are reviewed in Section 3.4. 

To detect experimentally produced shock effects in small recovered specimens, techniques with high spatial resolution are required. We used a combination of optical (polarizing microscopy) and electron-optical (scanning and transmission electron microscopy) techniques, enabling characterization from the scale of the recovered bulk sample down to the atomic level. Because recent advancement in... 

Experimentally, the sintering of supported nm metal particles has been studied during several decades [71-73] by using x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and temperature-programmed desorption (the former two techniques measure the average size of particles, the latter measures surface area). Numerous data obtained in inert and reactive conditions indicate that the growth of nm catalyst particles is usually described by Eq. (18) with n = 5-11. With increasing temperature, n often decreases. 

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