Transmission electron micrograph polymer

Figure 1 The transmission electron micrographs of the crosslinked products of MCI cast from benzene, (a) at a 0.05 wt% polymer concentration and shadowed with Cr at an angle of 20°, and (b) at a 0.05 wt% concentration [24].

Figure 2 The transmission electron micrographs of samples cast from solution containing 1 wt% of polymer, (a) the block copolymer BCl, and (b) the microsphere, MCI [24].

FIGURE 38.10 Transmission electron micrograph of styrene-co-acrylonitrile/acrylonitrile butadiene mbber/ waste NBR (SAN/NBR/w-NBRybased thermoplastic elastomer (TPE). (Reprinted from Anandhan, S., De, P.P., Bhowmick, A.K., Bandy opadhyay, S., and De, S.K., J. Appl Polym. Sci., 90, 2348, 2003. With permission from Wiley InterScience.)... 

Fig, 3. Transmission electron micrograph of osmium-tetroxide stained section of a typical rubber-modified epoxy thermosetting polymer... 

Nanocrystals with a specific number of atoms (nuclearity) are bequeathed special stability [7]. For nanocrystals of cubic close-packed metals, the numbers 13, 55,147, 309 and 561 stand for magic nuclearities corresponding to the closure of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 shells respectively. A schematic illustration of magic nuclearity nanocrystals is shown in Fig. 8.1. In Fig. 8.2, we show scanning tunneling and transmission electron micrographs of polymer-protected Pd561 nanocrystals. 

Fig. 28 From left to right-. Scanning transmission electron micrograph of crew-cut nanorods consisting of PS core and P4VP corona nanorods, coated with aluminum oxide and after removal of the polymer material [206]...

A transmission electron micrograph of a craze in a thin film of poly(styrene-acrylo-nitrile), shown in Fig. 1 a, will serve to introduce the principal microstructural features of crazes. The direction of the tensile stress is marked and it can be seen that the craze grows with the primary direction of its fibrils parallel to this tensUe stress and with the interfaces between the craze and the nearly undeformed polymer matrix normal to the stress. Since the overwhelming portion of the experiments to be reviewed here rely on the use of thin film deformation and transmission electron microscopy techniques, a brief review of the general methods of these experiments is in order. 

Fig. la. Brighl-field transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of typical craze microstructure in polytstyrenc-acrylonitriie) PSAN- b Low angle electron diffraction pattern from the fibrils of the craze in a. Note the main-fibril axis lies primarily along s,. the tensile axis direction and the direction norma] to the craze-bulk polymer interface... 

FIGURE 19.7 Transmission electron micrographs of the obtained fiber after treatment at 1773 K. (From Narisawa, M. et al., SiC ceramic fibers synthesized from polycarbo-silane-polymethylsilane polymer blends, Ceram. Trans., 144A, 173, 2002. Reprinted with permission of The American Ceramic Society, www.ceramics.org.)... 

Figure 6.18 Transmission electron micrograph and model of an LB film of the block polymer between polystyrene andpolydecylatedpolyvinylpyridine isolated at 15 mN/m surface pressure. The hydrophobic blocks are presumbly polystyrene, the amphiphilic spacer arms N-decylpyridinium polymers.

Figure 2. Transmission electron micrographs of six polybutadiene/polystyrene sequential IPN s and related materials, the polybutadiene portion stained with osmium tetroxide. Upper left high-impact polystyrene, commerciaL Upper right a similar composition made quiescently. Middle left semi-I IPN, PB (only) crosslinked. Middle right semi-II IPN, PS (only) crosslinked. Lower left full IPN, both polymers crosslinked. Lower right full IPN, PB with higher crosslink level. (Reproduce from ref. 5. Copyright 1976 American Chemical Society.)...

Fig. 15 Top-, formation of a giant amphiphile from a synthetic polymer reconstituted with a heme cofactor and horse radish peroxididase (HRB). Bottom-, transmission electron micrographs of PEO113- -PS48 micelles (left) and PEO113- -PS48-HRP vesicles (right) formed in water. Reprinted with permission from [60], copyright (2007) American Chemical Society...

In the United States, the first transmission electron micrographs on coatings and related materials appeared in 1944 (40. 49). Although several researchers have contributed to coatings and polymer electron microscopy since then, E. G. Bobalek and his research staff should be mentioned especially. They were particularly active in this field during the mid-1950s (50-54). 

Figure 4.20 Scanning transmission electron micrograph of a precursor membrane for an anion exchange membrane (cross-linking 20%) A pasty mixture of chloro-methylstyrene and divinylbenzene was copolymerized in the presence of acrylonitrile—butadiene rubber (inert polymer) ratio of divinylbenzene to total vinyl monomers 20%.

Figure 5, Composite transmission electron micrograph of the trimethylsilyl polymer showing its fibrous nature.

Transmission electron micrographs of two-step PS-carbon replicas taken from the surfaces of gold decorated samples deformed to the various values of draw ratio and containing 40 wt.% of modified chalk are presented in Fig. 6. Fig. 6a) shows a void around a filler particle in the early stage of deformation, the intermediate stage of deformation is shown in Fig. 6b), while the situation just before the sample fracture is presented in Fig. 6c). Presence of unoriented fraction of polymer matrix at the pole sides of voids and its decrease with the draw ratio, being in agreement with the theoretical predictions, is well documented by the above data. 

Rg. 5.9 A transmission electron micrograph of a replica of a fracture surface of extended-chain polychlorotrifluoro-ethylene. The sample was crystallised under 100 MPa pressure at 250°C for 16 h. The sample was first heated above 295°C. After crystallisation it was cooled rapidly to room temperature, followed by release of the pressure. (Reproduced by permission of the Society of Polymer Science, Japan.)... 

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