Micrograph, transmission

Figure 3.4. Illustration of phase inversion during polymerization (Molau, 1965). Electron micrographs (transmission) of thin sections of a graft copolymer of p-t-butylstyrene with polystyrene (90/10). (a) Polymerized to 5.3 % conversion before the inversion point. The poly(p-t-butylstyrene) phase is white, and the polystyrene phase is black, (b) Polymerized to 7.8% conversion phase inversion is just beginning to occur, (c) The same system polymerized to 13.3% conversion after the phase inversion point.

Fig, XIV-12. Freeze-fracture transmission electron micrographs of a bicontinuous microemulsion consisting of 37.2% n-octane, 55.8% water, and the surfactant pentaethy-lene glycol dodecyl ether. In both cases 1 cm 2000 A (for purposes of microscopy, a system producing relatively coarse structures has been chosen), [(a) Courtesy of P. K. Vinson, W. G. Miller, L. E. Scriven, and H. T. Davis—see Ref. 110 (b) courtesy of R. Strey—see Ref. 111.]... 

Figure C2.17.1. Transmission electron micrograph of a Ti02 (anatase) nanocrystal. The mottled and unstmctured background is an amorjihous carbon support film. The nanocrystal is centred in die middle of die image. This microscopy allows for die direct imaging of die crystal stmcture, as well as the overall nanocrystal shape. This titania nanocrystal was syndiesized using die nonhydrolytic niediod outlined in [79].

Figure C2.17.2. Transmission electron micrograph of a gold nanoneedle. Inverse micelle environments allow for a great deal of control not only over particle size, but also particle shape. In this example, gold nanocrystals were prepared using a photolytic method in surfactant-rich solutions the surfactant interacts strongly with areas of low curvature, thus continued growth can occur only at the sharjD tips of nanocrystals, leading to the fonnation of high-aspect-ratio nanostmctures [52].

Figure C2.17.4. Transmission electron micrograph of a field of Zr02 (tetragonal) nanocrystals. Lower-resolution electron microscopy is useful for characterizing tire size distribution of a collection of nanocrystals. This image is an example of a typical particle field used for sizing puriDoses. Here, tire nanocrystalline zirconia has an average diameter of 3.6 nm witli a polydispersity of only 5% 1801.

Figure C2.17.5. Transmission electron micrograph of a field of anisotropic gold nanocrystals. In tliis example, a lower magnification image of gold nanocrystals reveals tlieir anisotropic shapes and faceted surfaces [36],...

Figure C2.17.6. Transmission electron micrograph and its Fourier transfonn for a TiC nanocrystal. High-resolution images of nanocrystals can be used to identify crystal stmctures. In tliis case, tire image of a nanocrystal of titanium carbide (right) was Fourier transfonned to produce tire pattern on tire left. From an analysis of tire spot geometry and spacing, one can detennine that tire nanocrystal is oriented witli its 11001 zone axis parallel to tire viewing direction [217].

Figure 4.11 Electron micrographs of polyethylene crystals, (a) Dark-field illumination shows crystals to have a hollow pyramid structure. (Reprinted with permission from P. H. Geil, Polymer Single Crystals, Interscience, New York, 1963.) (b) Transmission micrograph in which contrast is enhanced by shadow casting [Reprinted with permission from D. H. Reneker and P. H. Geil, /. Appl. Phys. 31 1916 (I960).]...

Figures 4.1 la and b, respectively, are examples of dark-field and direct transmission electron micrographs of polyethylene crystals. The ability of dark-field imaging to distinguish between features of the object which differ in orientation is apparent in Fig. 4.11a. The effect of shadowing is evident in Fig. 4.11b, where those edges of the crystal which cast the shadows display sharper contrast.

Fig. 1. Transmission electron micrograph of ABS produced by an emulsion process. Staining of the mbber bonds with osmium tetroxide provides contrast...

Fig. 2. Transmission electron micrograph of ABS produced by a mass process. The mbber domains are typically larger in size and contain higher...

Fig. 21. Transmission electron micrograph (tern) made from a cross-section of a metal-evaporated tape medium with the typical banana-like shape of...

Fig. 10. A dark field (DF) transmission electron micrograph showing interface in a continuous fiber (F) a-Al202 (F)/Mg alloy (ZE41A) matrix (M) within...

Fig. 13. Transmission electron micrograph (tern) showing dislocations in aluminum in the region near a siUcon carbide particle, SiC. ...

Fig. 6. Transmission electron micrograph of a commercial pyrogenic siUca, Wacker HDK. Magnification of 225, OOOx. ...

Fig. 1. Transmission electron micrograph of a section of a mature, hydrated soybean cotyledon. Protein bodies (PB), lipid bodies (LB), and cell wall (CW)...

Transmission electron micrographs show hectorite and nontronite as elongated, lath-shaped units, whereas the other smectite clays appear more nearly equidimensional. A broken surface of smectite clays typically shows a "com flakes" or "oak leaf surface texture (54). High temperature minerals formed upon heating smectites vary considerably with the compositions of the clays. Spinels commonly appear at 800—1000°C, and dissolve at higher temperatures. Quartz, especially cristobalite, appears and mullite forms if the content of aluminum is adequate (38). 

Figure 6.3. (a) Portrait of Peter Hirseh (eourtesy. Sir Peter Hirsch). (b) Transmission electron micrograph of dislocations in a sub-boundary in a (Ni, Fe)Al intermctallic compound (Kong and Munroc 1994) (courtesy editor of Intcnnetallics). 

Figure 1 The transmission electron micrographs of the crosslinked products of MCI cast from benzene, (a) at a 0.05 wt% polymer concentration and shadowed with Cr at an angle of 20°, and (b) at a 0.05 wt% concentration [24].

Figure 2 The transmission electron micrographs of samples cast from solution containing 1 wt% of polymer, (a) the block copolymer BCl, and (b) the microsphere, MCI [24].

Figure 5 The transmission electron micrographs of cross-section of MCI (a) without any tilt, (b) tilted at an angle of 45 degrees of the y-axis, and (c) schematic representation of the arranged microspheres after tilting [24].

Figure 7 The transmission electron micrograph of the block copolymer B1 for blend [36].

Figure 12 The transmission electron micrographs of the blend of MCI with (a) B2, and (b) B3 [37].

---