Translational suppression

Key Words MicroRNA non-eoding RNA translational suppression cancer oneogene timior suppressor gene diagnosis antisense oligonucleotide drug diseovery... 

Chemoff YO, Ingevechtomov SG, Derkach IL, Ptyushkina MV, Tarunina OV, Dagkesa-manskaya AR, Teravanesyan MD (1992) Dosage-dependent translational suppression in... 

Rivera-Pomar, R., Niessing, D., Schmidt-Ott, U., Gehring, W.J., Jackie, H. 1996. RNA binding and translational suppression by bicoid. Nature 379, 746-749. 

Feng, Y., et al.. Translational suppression by trinucleotide repeat expansion at FMRI. Science, 1995.268(5211) p. 731-4. 

Electronic spectra are almost always treated within the framework of the Bom-Oppenlieimer approxunation [8] which states that the total wavefiinction of a molecule can be expressed as a product of electronic, vibrational, and rotational wavefiinctions (plus, of course, the translation of the centre of mass which can always be treated separately from the internal coordinates). The physical reason for the separation is that the nuclei are much heavier than the electrons and move much more slowly, so the electron cloud nonnally follows the instantaneous position of the nuclei quite well. The integral of equation (BE 1.1) is over all internal coordinates, both electronic and nuclear. Integration over the rotational wavefiinctions gives rotational selection rules which detemiine the fine structure and band shapes of electronic transitions in gaseous molecules. Rotational selection rules will be discussed below. For molecules in condensed phases the rotational motion is suppressed and replaced by oscillatory and diflfiisional motions. 

Interim results from the SPRINT-1 phase 2 trial of boceprevir (SCH 503034) have been released. In subjects who received boceprevir plus interferon-a and ribavirin, viral RNA loads were suppressed at week 12 in between 70 and 79% of subjects infected with genotype 1 HCV, compared with only 34% in the interferon-o/ ribavirin standard of care arm (www.sch-plough.com/schering plough/news/release. jsp releaseID = 1064540). However, it is not yet known if this enhanced early response will translate into sustained response. 

Most of the aforementioned efforts are based on the nonsense suppression methodology as the method for peptide altering [100]. In this approach, a nonsense codon is introduced into the enzyme-coding mRNA in the site that has to be altered. Simultaneously, the tRNA-noncoded amino acid hybrids are prepared with nonsense anticodons. Finally, the translation of modified mRNA is performed in vivo [101] or in vitro [102]. 

Kosterin, S. I., 1949, Study of Influence of Tube Diameter and Position upon Hydraulic Resistance and Flow Structure of Gas-Liquid Mixtures, Izvestiza Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdelema Tekhni-cheskikh No. 12, 1824, Translation 3085, Henry Brutcher Tech. Translation, Altadena, CA. (3) Kottowski, H., and G. Grass, 1970, Influence on Superheating by Suppression of Nucleation Cavities and Effect of Surface Microstructure on Nucleation Sites, Proc. Symp. LIM Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics, p. 108, ASME, New York. (2)... 

At the beginning stage of dehydrogenation, the substrate organic hydride is adsorbed onto the catalyst surface from the liquid phase directly and easily. Catalytic reaction processes will succeed it, until the surface sites are filled with the adsorbed reactant and products. Once product desorption starts to form and grow a bubble, product readsorption becomes unfavorable due to the increment of translational entropy of the product molecule in the bubble, if compared with that in the solution, shifting the adsorption equilibrium for the product and suppressing its effect of rate retardation. 

Exposure to trichothecenes at levels that partially inhibit translation upregulates expression of many inflammatory and immune-related genes including macrophage, Thl and Th2 cytokines as well as chemokines, cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase.1518 Contrastingly, suppressive effects of trichothecenes on leukocyte function are intimately linked with the induction of apoptosis as has been demonstrated in macrophages, T cells and B cells both in vivo and in vitro.19-20... 

In vivo studies showed that in vitro proliferation of lymphocytes isolated from marijuana smokers is suppressed, especially with heavy marijuana smoking, and that the relative proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations was also altered. Concentrations of serum IgG are decreased and IgE concentrations are increased in marijuana smokers. Furthermore, phagocytic and bactericidal activity of alveolar macrophages from heavy marijuana smokers are decreased. These effects translate into reduced host resistance following administration of cannabinoids, including THC, in both humans and animals (Table 30.2). Increased susceptibility has been demonstrated to opportunistic microbes including HIV, Herpes simplex virus, Friend leukemia virus Listeria, Treponema pallidum, and Legionella. 

PSI] is the prion of Sup35p, a translation termination factor (Ter-Avanesyan et al., 1994 Wickner, 1994). Conversion of wild-type yeast cells to the infected state results in reduction of the termination activity and, consequendy, to a nonsense suppression phenotype. This property can be used to detect [PSI] by genetic selection (Fig. 2). Sup35p is an essential gene whose knockout leads to cell death. Therefore, it appears that the [PSI] condition corresponds to only partial inactivation of Sup35p and enough of the normal protein is left to avert cell death. 

Given the character of the water-water interaction, particularly its strength, directionality and saturability, it is tempting to formulate a lattice model, or a cell model, of the liquid. In such models, local structure is the most important of the factors determining equilibrium properties. This structure appears when the molecular motion is defined relative to the vertices of a virtual lattice that spans the volume occupied by the liquid. In general, the translational motion of a molecule is either suppressed completely (static lattice model), or confined to the interior of a small region defined by repulsive interactions with surrounding molecules (cell model). Clearly, the nature of these models is such that they describe best those properties which are structure determined, and describe poorly those properties which, in some sense, depend on the breakdown of positional and orientational correlations between molecules. 

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