Aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid

Scalfi-Happ C, Happ E, Chladek S. New approach to the synthesis of 2, 3 -O-aminoacyl oligoribonucleotides related to the 3 -terminus of aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid. Nucleosides Nucleotides 6 345-348, 1987. 

Met-OH and H-Met-Met-Met-OH [32]. In the following decades, aliphatic amino acid esters have been applied in a multitude of studies on enzymatic syntheses of peptides. In the living cell aniino acids esterified to the 2 - or the 3 -hydroxyl group of the terminal adenosine in an aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) are the activated intermediates in protein synthesis by ribosomes. 

Shorey, R. L., Ravel, J. M., Garner, C. W. and Shive, W. (1969) Formation and properties of the aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid-guanosine triphosphate-protein complex. An intermediate in the binding of aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid to ribosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 244,4555-4564. 

Duffy, L.K., Gerber, L., Johnson, A.E., and Miller, D.L., 1981, Identification of a histidine residue near the aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid binding site of elongation factor Tu, Biochemistry, 20 4663. 

Potts, R.O., Ford, Jr., N.C. and Fournier, M.J. (1981) Changes in the solution structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid associated with aminoacylation and magnesium binding. Biochemistry, 20, 1653-1659. 

Clark JM, Chang AY, Inhibitors of the transfer of amino acids from aminoacyl soluble ribonucleic acid to proteins, J Biol Chem, 1965, 240(12) 4734-39. 

Canning, L. and Griffin, A. C. (1965) Specificity in the transfer of aminoacyl-s-ribonucleic acid to microbial, liver, and tumor ribosomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 103, 522-525. 

Aminoacyl-tRNA—a t e of tRNA (also known as transfer ribonucleic acid). Its role is to deliver the amino acid to the ribosome where it will be incorporated into the pol5 eptide chain that is being produced. 

Deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material such that the information to make all the functional macromolecules of the cell is preserved in DNA (Sinden, 1994). Ribonucleic acids occur in three functionally different classes messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA) (Simons and Grun-berg-Manago, 1997). Messenger RNA serves to carry the information encoded from DNA to the sites of protein synthesis in the cell where this information is translated into a polypeptide sequence. Ribosomal RNA is the component of ribosome which serves as the site of protein synthesis. Transfer RNA (tRNA) serves as a carrier of amino acid residues for protein synthesis. Amino acids are attached as aminoacyl esters to the 3 -termini of the tRNA to form aminoacyl-tRNA, which is the substrate for protein biosynthesis. 

The aminoacyl transfer reaction, one of the latter stages in protein synthesis, involves incorporation of amino acids from soluble ribonucleic acid-amino acid into ribosomal protein. This reaction requires guanosine triphosphate and a soluble portion of the cell. Evidence has been obtained with rat liver preparations that aminoacyl transfer is catalyzed by two protein factors, aminoacyl transferases (or polymerases) I and n, which have been resolved and partially purified from the soluble fraction. Transferase n activity has also been obtained from deoxycholate-soluble extracts of microsomes. With purified transferases I and n, incorporation is observed with relatively low levels of GTP its sulfhy-dryl requirement is met by a variety of compounds. The characteristics of this purified amino acid incorporating system, in terms of dependency on the concentration of its components, are described. 

Jhe synthesis of proteins, as characterized by the in vitro incorporation of amino acids into the protein component of cytoplasmic ribonu-cleoprotein, is known to require the nonparticulate portion of the cytoplasm, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and GTP (guanosine triphosphate) (15, 23). The initial reactions involve the carboxyl activation of amino acids in the presence of amino acid-activating enzymes (aminoacyl sRNA synthetases) and ATP, to form enzyme-bound aminoacyl adenylates and the enzymatic transfer of the aminoacyl moiety from aminoacyl adenylates to soluble ribonucleic acid (sRNA) which results in the formation of specific RNA-amino acid complexes—see, for example, reviews by Hoagland (12) and Berg (1). The subsequent steps in pro-... 

Nathans, D. and Lipmann, F. (1961) Amino acid transfer from aminoacyl ribonucleic acids to protein on ribosomes of Escherichia coli. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 47, 497-504. 

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