Transdermal systems powder

Given the limitations imposed on transdermal systemic drug delivery by the barrier properties of the stratum corneum, new technologies have attempted to completely bypass this obstacle by either the creation of a physical conduit (microneedles) or direct powder delivery via compressed gas. The Alza Corporation technology (Macroflux ) comprises a patch system that contains a microprojection array designed to create superficial microchannels across the stratum corneum.When used in conjunction with their electrotransport system, the Macroflux system provides controlled in vivo delivery of therapeutic doses of... 

Estradiol transdermal system is designed to deliver 17(beta)-estradiol continuously and consistently over a 3-or 4-day interval on application to intact skin. Three strengths of Alora systems are available, having nominal in vivo delivery of 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 mg estradiol per day through skin of average permeability (interindividual variation in skin permeability is approximately 20%). Alora systems have contact surface areas of 18, 27, and 36 cm2 and contain 1.5, 2.3, and 3.0 mg of estradiol USP, respectively. The composition of the systems per unit active surface area is identical. Estradiol USP [17(beta>-estradiol] is a white, crystalline powder that is chemically described as estra-l,3,5(10)-triene-3,17(beta)-diol, has an empirical formula of and has a molecular... 

Transderm al Easy Convenient No first-pass metabolism Local or systemic effects Irritation Potent drugs only Absorption affected by site of application Hard to administer Solutions, lotions, sprays, gels, ointments, creams, powders, patches... 

Specific considerations for container/closure system components for specialized delivery systems such as metered dose inhalers, dry-powder inhalers, disposable pen injectors, transdermal patches, or other novel dosage forms... 

Uchida, M. Natsume, H. Kobayashi, D. Morimoto, Y. Effect of dose, particle size and helium gas pressure on transdermal powder dehvery by heliosTM gun system. Proc. Inti. Symp. Contr. Rel. Bioact. Mater. 1999, 26, 483 84. 

Muddle, A.G., Longridge, D.J., Sweeney, P.A., Burkoth, XL. and Bellhouse, B.J. (1997) Transdermal delivery of testosterone to conscious rabbits using powderject (R) a supersonic powder delivery system . Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release. Bioact. Mat. 24, 713. 

These are dosage forms designed to be applied to the skin and include ointments, creams, lotions, liniments, topical solutions, tinctures, pastes, powders, aerosols, and transdermal delivery systems. 

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