Contact surface area

Fig.5 shows the relation of the echo height F/B and the retio of contact surface area Sa /So. The Sa is the contact surface area, and the So is the contact surface area of the V defectless. The F/B decreased with an increase in the Sa /So, as the ultrasonic wave from the incidence S45C side On the other hand, the F/B as the ultrasonic wave from the incidence Ti side has decreased with an increase in the Sa /So... 

Fig.5 Relation of reflective echo height F/B and retio of contact surface area Sa /So...

Fig.7 shows the relation of the F/B, the temperature T and the time t as the retio of contact surface area Sa /So=50%. O mark is the B echo on the bottom of the upper specimen A mark is the F echo on the bonding interface. The B echo has changed in the changing temperature T. Therefore, the really reflective echo height F/B on... 

Ozone is only slightly soluble in water. Thus, factors that affect the mass transfer between the gas and Hquid phases are important and include temperature, pressure, contact time, contact surface area (bubble size), and pH. 

The torque that can be transmitted over the length of the hub without slipping, called the holding torque, is a function of the friction and the radial pressure between the hub and shaft, the contact surface area and the radius of the shaft itself. The holding torque, Mh, is given by ... 

The behavior of the physico-mechanical characteristics of polymeric composites is easily traceable in the table given in [144] which presents the results of experiments with polyamide matrices filled with resite particles of different shape. The filler concentrations were adjusted so that the integral contact surface area in the filler-matrix system remained the same. 

Steam scrubbers These use flow reversal in conjunction with a large contact surface area to remove BW mist from steam. 

Here, A is the contacting surface area of anode electrode facing with electrolyte and P is the porosity of anode electrode. The average effective radius of pore,, could be calculated from the results of the capillary rise method using ethanol, which shows a contact angle of 0° with the anode electrode. And then, the contact angle 0 could be acquired as the slope from the plot of m versus... 

Retention in HIC can be described in terms of the solvophobic theory, in which the change in free energy on protein binding to the stationary phase with the salt concentration in the mobile phase is determined mainly by the contact surface area between the protein and stationary phase and the nature of the salt as measured by its propensity to increase the surface tension of aqueous solutions [331,333-338]. In simple terms the solvopbobic theory predicts that the log u ithn of the capacity factor should be linearly dependent on the surface tension of the mobile phase, which in turn, is a llne2u function of the salt concentration. At sufficiently high salt concentration the electrostatic contribution to retention can be considered constant, and in the absence of specific salt-protein interactions, log k should depend linearly on salt concentration as described by equation (4.21)... 

Drying and grinding the samples are two important steps prior to extraction, because many fruits and vegetables contain 80-95% moisture and grinding to achieve small particle size will favor the high contact surface area necessary for efficient extraction. 

The transfer of chemical molecules from oil to water is most often a surface area phenomenon caused by kinetic activity of the molecules. At the interface between the liquids (either static or moving), oil molecules (i.e., benzene, hexane, etc.) have a tendency to disperse from a high concentration (100% oil) to a low concentration (100% water) according to the functions of solubihty, molecular size, molecular shape, ionic properties, and several other related factors. The rate of dispersion across this interface boundary is controlled largely by temperature and contact surface area. If the two fluids are static (i.e., no flow), an equilibrium concentration will develop between them and further dispersion across the interface will not occur. This situation is fairly common in the unsaturated zone. 

As the carbon load of a particular type of stationary phase increases we expect both the phase ratio and the contact surface area for a given eluite probe to reach a plateau so that the dependence of k or log k on the carbon load is likely to be hyperbolic over a sufficiently wide range. A key point in this treatment is the accessible hydrocarbonaceous surface area, which is difficult to quantify and may strongly depend on the molecular architecture of the eluite used as a probe. Furthermore, the involvement of the... 

Ultrasorption is based on the different affinities of contaminants for water and a selected solvating agent. The substances, adhering to a solid media that maximizes the contact surface area, are capable of strongly partitioning contaminants from the water phase. The substance used acts both as a dissolution fluid where the contaminants become trapped, and a de-emulsifier that reduces the affinity of the contaminants for the water. 

Formation of agglomerates by powder compaction may involve rearrangement of particles to increase their packing efficiency resulting in the enhancement of interparticle adhesion forces [89]. Furthermore, particle deformation at the point of contact between particles can greatly increase both the contact surface area and interparticle attraction [84]. 

Another means to achieve better bonding is to increase the contacting surface area. Finally, the aging stability of liners has to be at least as good as that of the propellants with which it is used. 

An essential improvement in the description of the phase-behaviour can be obtained if the disparity in size and shape between the molecules is taken into account. The number of nearest-neighbour contacts may thus be different for each molecule or site, and set proportional to its contact surface area [19],... 

An improved catalytic reaction takes place if the coke is substituted with granular filter media such as BIRM . This media has a much smaller and uniform particle size, with a significantly greater contact surface area, but then requires specific small mesh size trays, which may be expensive to fabricate. Typically, there will be eight to ten trays with a 3 to 4 in. (7.6 to... 

Anions are highly polarisable and so van der Waals interactions will be significant. While non-directional, these are related to the contact surface area of host and anion, and so three-dimensional encapsulation of the anion should enhance binding of all anions capable of fitting within the host. 

Hydrophobic binding. The hydrophobic effect can have both enthalpic and entropic components, although the classical hydrophobic effect is entropic in origin (Section 1.9.1). Studies on the associations between planar aromatic molecules show an approximately linear relationship between the interaction energy and their mutual contact surface area with slope 64 dyn cm-1, very close to the macroscopic surface tension of water (72 dyn cm-1). Hence, in the absence of specific host or guest interactions with the solvent the hydrophobic effect can be calculated solely from the energy required to create a free surface of 1 A2 which amounts to 7.2 X 10 12 J or 0.43 kjA 2 mol. ... 

An extractor column is generally a tall, vertical packed tower that has two or more bed sections. Each packed bed section is typically limited to no more than 8 ft tall, making the overall tower height about 40 to 80 ft. Tower diameter depends fully upon liquid rates, but is usually in the range of 2 to 6 ft. Liquid-liquid extractors may also have tray-type column internals, usually composed of sieve-type trays without downcomers. These tray-type columns are similar to duoflow-type vapor-liquid separation, but here serve as contact surface area for two separate liquid phases. The packed-type internals are more common by far and are the type of extractor medium considered the standard. Any deviation from packed-type columns is compared to packing. 

For size quantification of these particle systems, the underlying LII model has to be extended taking into consideration the optical metal particle properties (Vander Wal et al., 1999 Kreibig and Vollmer, 1995) on the one hand side and the contact surface area, on the other hand. The optical metal properties, which are in particular determined by the high imaginary part of the complex refraction index, show low absorption coefficients. 

Potentially, a limited number of juxtaposed bridging amide bonds could be possible at the initial junction locus, depending on the contact surface area defined by the interaction of the initial reagents. Other methods of direct surface-to-surface connectivity that have been reported 79,80 include the reaction of olefinic terminated dendrimers with initiator-terminated dendrimers. 

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