Trace Display

Figure Cl.5.8. Spectral jumping of a single molecule of terrylene in polyethylene at 1.5 K. The upper trace displays fluorescence excitation spectra of tire same single molecule taken over two different 20 s time intervals, showing tire same molecule absorbing at two distinctly different frequencies. The lower panel plots tire peak frequency in tire fluorescence excitation spectmm as a function of time over a 40 min trajectory. The molecule undergoes discrete jumps among four (briefly five) different resonant frequencies during tliis time period. Arrows represent scans during which tire molecule had jumped entirely outside tire 10 GHz scan window. Adapted from...

We now have a number of traces displayed. However, the current trace is small. Suppose that we would like to look a little closer at a peak in the current waveform. We can do this by using some of the zoom features provided by Probe. Select View and then Zoom from the menu bar ... 

Data from PSpice can easily be exported to other programs by copying the traces displayed by Probe. To copy data from PSpice, you must run the simulation, display the results using Probe, and then copy and paste the data from Probe into MS Excel or another spreadsheet program. Once the data is in your spreadsheet, you can manipulate it or export it to other programs such as MATLAB by using comma separated values (.CSV) formatted data files. 

We can copy the data from several traces at the same time and then paste that data into a spreadsheet. In the Probe screen below, we have three traces displayed ... 

We now need to add a trace displaying the diode current. Select Trace and then Add Trace from the Probe menus (or press the INSERT key) and add the trace I(D1) ... 

Fig. 7.2.3 Mass fragmentogram of a pooled urine sample. The two upper traces display the signal for Cr and its labelled internal standard (IS) at a retention time of 4.62 min. The lower two traces display the signal for GA (guac) and its internal standard at a retention time of 5.52 min...

A TTF/DNP-based [2]rotaxane [15e] 94+ was functionalized (Fig. 8.10a) with a disulfide-based anchoring group at the DNP end of the dumbbell component in order to allow its self-assembly on to gold surfaces. The CV of the SAM/Au was recorded at a scan rate of 300 mV s 1 at 288 K. The first CV cycle (Fig. 8.10b, green trace) displays a higher positive potential (+490 mV as opposed to +290 mV for the dumbbell) for the first one-electron oxidation of the TTF unit... 

GSCC and the red CV trace displays the presence of an MSCC at a low temperature, (c) Electrochemical switching of the SAMs. 

Figure 1.3. (Top) Fluorescence upconversion transient for hypericin in ethanol at /,cm = 576 nm. The fit curve is described hy the following equation (with background subtracted) F(t) — —0.21 exp (—f/6.5ps) + 1.00 exp (—r/oo). (Bottom) At /.em = 653 nm, however, there is no rising component in the fluorescence trace. Similar behavior is observed for hypocrellin A (Fig. 1.4). The excitation wavelength was the second harmonic of our unamplified Ti sapphire oscillator, 414 nm. The panel below the kinetic trace displays the residuals between the fit and the data.

High-resolution FT ICR mass spectrum of ubiquitin. The upper trace displays the detail of the peak at 952.5 Th. The distance of 0.11 Th between the isotopic peaks allows one to deduce that the charge is 9. This spectrum was obtained with 5 amol of ubiquitin. Reproduced from Kelleher N.L., Senko M.W., Little D., O Connor P.B. and McLafferty F.W., J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 6, 220, 1995, with permission. 

Fig. 26.3. Fluorescence-excitation spectra of LH2 complexes of Rp. acidophila. The top traces show the comparison between an ensemble spectrum (dotted line) and the sum of spectra recorded from nineteen individual complexes (full line). The lower trace displays the spectrum from a single LH2 complex. The spectra have been averaged over all polarizations of the incident radiation. All spectra were measured at 1.2 K at 20W/cm with LH2 dissolved in a PVA-buffer solution. Adapted from [39]...

When the monomer ratio in a copolymer increases, the contribution to the pyrolysate also increases. However, the yield of different pyrolysis products depends on the nature of the polymer. In addition to quantitative information, as shown in Chapter 4, structural information can be obtained from pyrolysate. One example in this direction is that of a poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate), CAS 25103-74-6, (with butylated hydroxyethyl-benzene inhibitor). A sample with 21.5% wt. methyl acrylate (MAc), with M = 79,000 and Mn = 15,000, pyrolyzed at 600° C in He with the separation on a Carbowax column generates the upper trace of the two pyrograms shown in Figure 6.1.11. The lower trace, displayed for comparison, is that of polyethylene. The peak identification for the pyrogram of poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate), with 21.5% wt. methyl acrylate, shown in Figure 6.1.11 was done using mass spectral library searches only, and Is given in Table 6.1.7. 

Figure 4.27. Natural abundance N INEPT spectra of adenosine-5 -monosulphate 4.5. Lower traces show results with the INEPT sequence and upper traces with the refocused-INEPT sequence. Delays were calculated assuming (a) J = 90 Hz and (b) J = 10 Hz. For (a) the lower trace displays the 1 0 -1 pattern of the NH2 group whilst in (b) all resonances display antiphase two-bond H- N couplings. Spectra are referenced to nitromethane.

To prove the versatility of this process, different molecular weights of PNIPAAm were synthesized. Figure 2 indicates that an increase of the ratio of monomer/initiator leads (at a comparable conversion) to a linear increase of the molecular weight. The SEC traces display unimodal and narrow peaks. Moreover a large range of molecular weights from rather low (DP=30) to rather high (DP=400) were achieved. In all cases the PDI remains below 1.2 at full conversion, without any trace of termination. All these criteria indicate the controlled fashion of the ATRP of NIPAAm in water. 

The most detailed level of resolution provided by gap4 is the Contig Editor and its associated Trace Display, which are used for the final checking and editing of the aligned readings. It makes this an efficient and rapid procedure by providing a variety... 

Figure 13.7. A screen dump of the gap4 Contig Editor and Trace display. See text for details. (See color plate.)...

In another application various HPLC fractions of a poly(decamethylene adipate) sample were collected, and the HPLC chromatographic trace displayed strong peaks separated by deep valleys, suggesting that chains of different length were eluted at different times. However, when the supposed homogeneous fractions were analyzed by MALDI-TOF, it was evident that oligomers with two, three, and even four repeat units were present in a single HPLC fraction. 

Figure 10. Oscilloscope traces displaying the colorimetric response for two of the eight-channels in the array, to neutral (top trace) reducing (middle trace) and basic (bottom trace) pH and redox solutions.

Thin traces displayed percolation effects. In contrast, traces with a thickness above 160 nm displayed a conductivity of 3,000 SnT that is not dependent on the thickness. 

Rizzarelli et al. [23] synthesized a series of copolymers with units of butylene succinate (BSu) and butylene adipate (BA) with different composition. The copolymers were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by lipase (actually two different lipase enzymes, obtained from Mucor miehei or from Rhizopus arrhizus). The degradation products were water soluble. Thus, they were injected in an LC apparatus (the column was a Cl 8) coupled with an ESI-MS. The LC trace displayed more than 20 peaks that were easily identified using MS. These are due to the monomers (BSu and BA), the dimers, the trimers, and the tetramers. LC peaks due to the oligomers rich in BA (e.g., BA3) are weak. On the other hand, LC peaks due to the oligomers rich in BSu (e.g.,BSus) are strong. The results indicate a preferential hydrolytic cleavage. In particular, succinic ester bonds are hydrolyzed faster than adipic ester bonds in BSu-BA copolyesters. 

For instance. Figure 45.10A,B illustrate the SEC trace and the MALDI spectrum of a commercial copolymer with units of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) [58] sold under the name of Poloxamer407. The SEC trace displays two bands at 24.5 and 26.5 mL labeled D2 and Dl, respectively. D2 is due to high molar mass chains since it is eluted first. 

Figure 3 (upper trace) displays the X-ray diffraction pattern of the ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by the laser vaporization method. For comparison we also include the pattern of the particles prepared in methanol (lower trace) according to the method of Henglein and coworkers (55). In both cases, the hexagonal Wurtzite structure is evident thus demonstrating that the bulk crystal structure is kept when the size of the semiconductor crystals falls into the nanometer scale. The results are consistent with the work of Spanhel and Anderson (36). The particle s size can be... 

Organization of the Value Trace based synthesis system, parsing a Value Trace file to build a set of data structures, ASAP control step scheduling, a graphical Value Trace display, and Value Trace metrics. 

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