Toxicity tests dietary

The health effects of sorbic acid and sorbates have been reviewed (165—167). The extremely low toxicity of sorbic acid enhances its desirabiHty as a food preservative. The oral LD q for sorbic acid in rats is 7—10 g/kg body weight compared to 5 g/kg for sodium chloride (165—169). In subacute and chronic toxicity tests in rats, 5% sorbic acid in the diet results in no abnormal effects after 90 days or lifetime feeding studies. A level of 10% in rat diets results in a slight enlargement of the Hver, kidneys, and thyroid gland (170). This same dietary level fed to mice also resulted in an increase in Hver and kidney weight... 

Fritz, W, Wang, J, Coward L, Lamartiniere CA. Dietary genistein perinatal mammary cancer prevention, bioavailability and toxicity testing in the rat. Carcinogenesis 19, 2151-2158, 1998. 

Due to the high doses necessary for acute effects as observed in short-term toxicity tests and to the lack of effects seen at earlier time-points in long-term studies, only chronic reference doses are used in conjunction with exposure for the calculation of triazine dietary risk. Therefore, the remainder of this discussion is limited to chronic exposure and risk. 

Irving EC, Baird DJ, Culp JM. 2003. Ecotoxicological responses of the mayfly Baetis tricau-datus to dietary and waterborne cadmium implications for toxicity testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 22 1058-1064. 

Begimiing in the 1980s, Flamm et al. (1987) and Rulis (1989) documented FDA s exploration of the use of large databases of toxicity data to address very low exposures to components of food contact materials more efficiently. Flamm et al. (1987) performed a probabilistic analysis of carcinogenic potency data in an attempt to discern a dietary level below which no specific toxicity testing data should be considered prerequisite to judge the safety of a compound used in a food contact material. 

Avian Dietary Toxicity Test (original guideline, adopted April 4, 1984)... 

Conducting Subacute Dietary Toxicity Tests with Avian Species... 

Comparison of ASTM and U.S. EPA Standards for Conducting Subacute Dietary Toxicity Tests with Avian Species... 

ASTM. 1993. Standard practice for conducting subacute dietary toxicity tests with avian species. ASTM 1996 Annual Book of Standards Vol. 11.05, E857-87. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 278-282. 

Warm-blooded organisms are relatively resistant to toxaphene, as determined from results of short-term tests involving oral, dermal, and dietary routes of administration. In acute oral toxicity tests with birds and mammals, LD50 values ranged between 10.0 and... 

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