Toxicity sulphite

All three methods were designed to shorten the time of the operation and to Sff.tfduce the quantity of water used. The latter requirement was dictated by the necessity to reduce the pollution of streams and water-ways with toxic sulphite solutions. To accomplish this completely the sulphite solutions were evaporated In a quadruple-effect cvapoiater to a thick syrup, the syrup was then fired in a rotary kiln incinerator to give an ash which was harmless to fish and animal life., Thc number of water washes of TNT was also reduced. 

Til HP, Feron VJ, De-Goot AP The toxicity of sulphite. 1. Long-term feeding and multigeneration studies in rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol 10 291-310, 1972... 

The determination of formaldehyde, a substance of great interest on account of its toxicity and high significance to the resin, fertilizer and explosive manufacturing industries, among others, entails the use of rapid, convenient, safe methods. One sensor developed for this purpose uses the manifold shown in Fig. 4.6 to handle the reagents involved, viz. / -rosaniline (PRA) and sulphite. The instability of sulphite ion calls for on-line mixing with PRA dissolved in 0.4 M HCl prior to injection of the sample. After the... 

Physiological Action.—Sulphur dioxide exerts a decidedly toxic effect on plants 3 and animals,4 and has been used in poison ga,s warfare (see p. 106) even as little as 0-04 per cent, by volume in the atmosphere will cause symptoms of poisoning in human beings after a few hours in larger quantities, either gaseous or dissolved, the effect may be fatal. The gas acts as a direct blood poison and also affects the blood circulation.5 The sulphites are not poisonous.6... 

The potential of ammonia-based flue gas desulphurisation waste solution as a nitrogen fertiliser has been assessed by Gissel-Neilson and Bertelsen (1989) by field trials using barley and rye grass. The solution had the same fertiliser value as calcium-ammonium-nitrate. The toxic effects of sulphite were reduced by avoiding direct contact of the solution with the plants. 

Sulphite is known to cause growth inhibition and injuries to plants (Garsed, 1981). The toxicity to Zea mays of root applied sulphite has been investigated by Bertelsen and Gissel-Nielsen (1987). Sulphite toxicity produced greyness of the leaves with flabbiness and desiccation. The symptoms were more pronounced at low pH and in non-aerated solutions at higher pH values. The toxicity was found to decrease in the order S02(aq) > HSOf > SOj. ... 

Recently, as the disposal of large volumes of toxic waste waters from the purification of TNT by sulphitation has. become a problem (p. 390), new ways are being sought for the manufacture of TNT free from the unsymmetrical isomers. Apart from the possibility, mentioned above, of the utilization of nitrotoluene obtained by nitrating toluene with a mixture of acetic anhydride and nitric acid, factories TNT are now tending to separate nitrotoluene isomers by methods similar to those applied in the manufacture of dyestuffs intermediates. 

Gunnison, A. F. (1981). Sulphite toxicity A critical review of J fi effro and in vivo data. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 19,667- 83. 

Gunnisson AF Sulphite toxicity a critical review of in vitro and in vivo data. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1981 19 667-682. 

Red water from the trealmem of TNT with sodium sulphite is more toxic than TNT, this is mainly due to the presence of dinitroioluene derivatives. 

TETRAMETHYLDIURANE SULPHITE (137-26-8) Combustible solid (flash point 192°F/89°C). Strong oxidizers may cause fire and explosions contact with strong acid or oxidizable materials produces toxic gases. 

Elucidation of the structure of a-tnniirotolaene Kinetics of the nitration of dinitroioluene to trinitrotoluene Explosive properties of TNT Toxicity of a-trinitrotoluene Metabolism of iriniiroiolucne Uns mmctrical isomers of trinitrotoluenes Physical properties Thermochemical properties Heat of crystallization Heat of combustion and of formation Heat of nitration Chemical properties Reactions With alkalis Reaction with sodium sulphite Effect of light... 

The valence states of most inorganic compounds can be changed by either cathodic reduction or anodic oxidation. Thus in principle appropriate species can be either recycled electrochemically or converted to less toxic and environmentally acceptable forms. Sulphur and nitrogen based compounds are thus typically encountered. For example the reduction of nitrates and nitrites and the oxidation of sulphur compounds, such as sulphite, thiosulphate and dithionite, can be carried out quite effectively. There are several established technologies for cyanide and chromium species. 

When glutathione synthesis was inhibited by bu-thionine sulfoximine so that were was a 50 % depletion of glutathione, the immortalised rat mesencephalic cell line CSM14.1.4 showed an enhanced synergistic toxicity of sulphite and peroxynitrite (Marshall et al. 1999). Because sulphite is present normally in the brain as a product of cysteine metabolism, and because increased peroxynitrite formation has been reported in Parkinson s disease, these events might contribute to neuronal death. 

Nitrite has an inhibitory effect on SRB, mainly because (a) nitrite is toxic to SRB, and with their nitrite reductase, the bacteria will produce a detoxifying reaction. The end result is that while the bacteria are still aUve, no growth happens and their sulphate reduction activity will be inhibited, (b) Nitrite can directly affect the enzyme required for reducing sulphite to sulphide see [63]. 

Field evidence for the toxicity of SO2, then, is strong and analysis of lichen thalli before and after exposure to urban pollution has confirmed that sulfur is rapidly accumulated. In addition, analysis of specimens from the edge of polluted areas shows that they contain much greater concentrations of S both on and in their thalli than matched samples from further afield (Table I). More confirmatory evidence for the toxicity of SO2 is coming from laboratory experiments in which lichens (and bryophytes) exposed to low concentrations of sulphite or SO2 in solution are showing differing sensitivities which correlate well with their known sensitivity to air pollution in the field (Baddeley et al, 1971 Hill, 1971). 

The major chemical reactions that take place during food processing, as would be expected, occur between the main food components—the carbohydrates, proteins, fats and vitamins. These components can react with each other and with various food additives such as nitrites, sulphite, aldehydes and alkali to give food products of lower nutritional value to produce desirable and undesirable browning and flavours and very occasionally to produce toxic materials. 

Regarding nitrates and phosphates or sulphates, their main users are agriculture (mainly as fertilisers) and water-treatment stations. Sulphite is of interest mainly in food analysis. Nitrite, iodide, and fluoride are also more typical for the food and pharmaceutical industry but, in some extent, they are monitored in the environment (e.g. nitrite is used in syntheses of explosives, together with nitrates, azides, and perchlorates). A severe industrial pollutant is undoubtedly cyanide, mainly for its extreme toxicity and well-known ability to participate in numerous complexforming reactions. Hydroxide is needed in many industrial processes as being involved in various pH-dependent reactions, unless of quoting that pH measurement itself—i.e., the determination of H" ions— represents a routine laboratory operation needed almost anywhere. 

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