Toxicity, sodium iodide

There is an additive bone marrow depression when methimazole or propylthiouracil is administered with otiier bone marrow depressants, such as the antineo-plastic drugs, or witii radiation therapy. When methimazole is administered with digitalis, there is an increased effectiveness of the digitalis and increased risk of toxicity. There is an additive effect of propylthiouracil when the drug is administered with lithium, potassium iodide, or sodium iodide When iodine products are administered with litiiium products, synergistic hypotiiyroid activity is likely to occur. 

A more efficient and convergent industrial-scale synthesis that avoids toxic methyl iodide and sodium cyanide was developed (Scheme 15.2). Condensation of N,N-dimethyl-2,2-dimethoxyacetamide with imidazopyridine 7 under acidic conditions afforded hydroxy derivative 12. Conversion of the hydroxyl group to a chloride with thionyl chloride followed by reductive removal of the chloride with sodium borohydride provided zolpidem. 

The perchlorate ion of potassium perchlorate, KCIO4, is a competitive inhibitor of thyroidal 1 transport via the Sodium Iodide Symporter (NIS).This drug can cause fatal aplastic anemia and gastric ulcers and is now rarely used. If administered with careful supervision, in limited low doses and for only brief periods, serious toxic effects can be avoided. The compound is especially effective in treating iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, which may occur, for example, in patients treated with the antiar-rhythmic compound amiodarone. Perchlorate ion can also be used in a diagnostic test of 1 incorporation into Tg, the so-called perchlorate discharge test. 

Sodium iodide I 131 is used for palliation in selected cases of thyroid carcinoma. The usual toxic effect is radiation sick-rzu. 

Perchloric acid s corrosive properties and ability to cause tissue oxidation are mechanisms of toxicity. Perchlorate (CIOT) disrupts endocrine homeostasis by competitively inhibiting the transport of iodide (I ) into the thyroid through the sodium iodide symporter. Potential human health risks exist from chronic exposure to perchlorate via drinking water. Such risks may include hypothyroidism, goiter, and mental retardation (if exposure occurs during critical periods in neurodevelopment). 

Derivation Interaction of methanol, sodium iodide, and sulfuric acid with subsequent distillation. Hazard Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption narcotic, irritant to skin. TLV TWA 0.01 ppm animal carcinogen. 

Electrochemistry427 can be used to regenerate an expensive or toxic reagent in situ. An example is the electrical regeneration of periodate that is used for the oxidation of vicinal diols such as sugars. When used with osmium oxidations, it can keep the level of the toxic metal reagent quite low. In Chap. 4, an example of the conversion of a naphthoquinone to its epoxide by electrolysis of aqueous sodium iodide was given. The sodium hydroxide and iodine produced by electrolysis react to form hypoiodite that adds to the double bond to form the hydroxyiodide, which then eliminates sodium iodide by the action of the sodium hydroxide to re-form the sodium iodide.428 Electricity can be used in oxidations and... 

Propidium iodide and ethidium monoazide are suspected mutagens and should be handled accordingly. Sodium azide and fixatives are toxic, and should be handled with particular care. 

COMPOUNDS and IODIDES. Can form a shock-sensitive compound with sodium or potassium. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of T and arsenic. 

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