Toxicity LD50 values

The effect of dietary protein on diazinon toxicity was evaluated in a study with male albino Wistar rats. The study concluded that a purified protein test diet (with 26% casein and 59% cornstarch) did not significantly alter the LD50 value (415 mg/kg) for diazinon for this species. However, a low protein purified test diet (3.5% casein, 82% cornstarch), lowered the LD50 to 215 mg/kg. In addition, this study found that diazinon samples that were time-of-manufacture stabilized (to prevent spontaneous degradation to more toxic monothiotetraethyl pyrophosphate) were less toxic (LD50 value = 466 mg/kg) than samples stabilized after manufacture (LD50 value = 271 mg/kg) (Boyd and Carsky 1969). A subsequent study... 

The neurotoxicity of KTX was assayed using rat MCGNs and exhibited potent concentration-dependent toxicity (LD50 value of 3.9 1.9) however, this toxicity showed a unique time delay of 22 h post exposure. Furthermore, KTX toxicity was prevented by co-treatment with NMDA receptor channel antagonists (dextror-phan and MK-801), indicating that KTX-induced neuronal death (morphology and LDH efflux assay) is mediated through an NMDA receptor-dependent mechanism [150]. 

Strychnine is a compound of high acute toxicity. The oral LD value in rats is 15mgkg. Parenteral routes of exposure are more toxic LD50 values in laboratory rodents range from 1 to 4 mg kg... 

Gold cyanide (aurus AuCN Highly toxic LD50 values Liberates toxic HCN... 

Selected substances can be considered as safe as most of them are used profusely in food and/or pharmaceutical processing. As a measure of acute toxicity, LD50 values are given (most of the time for oral administration in rats). 

Plasticizers possess an extremely low order of acute toxicity LD50 values are mostly in excess of 20000mg/kg body weight for oral, dermal or intraperitoneal routes of exposures. 

Figure 5, obtained from Wolansky and Harrill (2008), shows the acute toxicity (LD50) values in rats for the parent pyrethroids and one or more of their eruiched isomers. Stmctural information on the compounds tested and their purity was limited to a few of the more commonly used pyrethroids (i.e., allethrin, resmethrin, bifenthrin permethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin). The authors recognized the need to standardize test materials, the pyrethroid isomers used in the tests, and their purity for improving the value of information obtained from toxicological studies. 

The LC50 is the lethal concentration of chemical (e.g. in air or water) that will cause the death of 50% of the sample population. This is most appropriate as an indicator of the acute toxicity of chemicals in air breathed (or in water, for aquatic organisms). Table 5.11 illustrates the use of LD50 values to rank the toxicity of substances. 

Alkyl olefinsulfonates (AOS) are essentially nontoxic with reported LD50 values in mice of 3000 mg/kg (oral), 1660 mg/kg (subcutaneous), 170 mg/kg (intraperitoneal), and 90 mg/kg (intravenous). The toxic signs seen at the higher doses included reduced voluntary activity, diarrhea, anemia, dyspnea, and respiratory collapse. Clonic convulsion followed by respiratory collapse was seen in mice given the material intravenously [147,148]. 

In a recent study [72] DOSS is ranked as relatively nontoxic. The acute toxicity, LD50, of DOSS in mice was determined to be 2.64 g/kg, which is somewhat lower than the two earlier reported values of 3.98 g/kg [98] and 4.80 g/kg [99]. Also a lower value (1 g/kg) is given [94]. Similar values were found for rat toxicity. Toxicity was also evaluated for horses and pigs [100]. The oral LD50 was determined to be 0.065 g/kg. 

Mineral oils have very low acute toxicities, i.e. oral LD50 values of around lOg/kg. They are not absorbed via the skin and are insufficiently volatile to produce harmful vapours at room temperature. Additives are used in small quantities for specific properties but these do not normally affect the health and safety characteristics. Dermatitis may be caused by repeated or prolonged contact of mineral oils with the skin. Such contact with higher boiling fractions over many years can result in warty growths which may become... 

A QSAR for the acute toxicity of new hypoglycemic agents [48] was internally cross-validated, but used LD50 instead of log LD50 as the dependent variable, and (more seriously) used LD50 values in g kg rather than in a molar unit such as mmol kg. ... 

Figure 2. Relative toxicity (LD50 and LD qq) estimates for actiniid sea anemone toxins upon crabs (Carcimis maenas) and mice. Values for Anemonia sulcata (As) and Anthopleura xanthogrammica (Ax) toxins are from ref. 24 data for Condylactis gigantea and Phyl-lactis flosculifera toxins are unpublished (Kem). The arrows indicate that the real mouse LD q values for Cg II and Pf II must exceed the values indicated in the Ogure. Although insufficient data are presently available to quantitatively define a relationship between mammalian and crustacean toxicity, it seems that there is usually an inverse relationship, which may be approximately defined by the stipple zone.

This code is of limited usefulness (see para 1.5.3) (it is supposed to contain in one figure only the level of the three factors inflammability, toxicity and stability). So far as toxicity risk is concerned, the definition of the three degrees is clear and makes it easy to choose between the different risk levels, it is defined by LD50 values (given in mg/kg) and LC50 (given in ppm). 

When some values seem questionable a question mark in brackets is added next to these values. If two very different values are given for one substance the doubtful data source is noted. For instance, for o-cresol, two LD50 values for the rat orally are mentioned as follows LD50 o-r 121 1350 (Merck). This means that the 1350 value that seems high and that applies to a phenol that is particularly corrosive and toxic (see Code du travail (ie Labour Code)) was suggested by the Merck Index. 

Weinman and Decker list the LD50 values against adult grasshoppers (M. differentia alis) for a number of the more common toxicants, both as contact poisons and as stomach poisons, giving the values shown in Table VI (H). 

It is noteworthy that gelsenicine is the most toxic alkaloid isolated so far from G. elegans. The LD50 value is 185 /ig/kg for mice on intraperitoneal injection. 

The Acute Toxicity LD50 module provide predictions of LD50 (mg/kg) values for rats and mice according to various routes of administration including oral ingestion [62]. Moreover, experimental values (if present) and similarity to test compound are shown for the five most similar structures from the training set. 

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