Toxicity identification evaluation TIE

Lebo, J.A. Huckins, J.N. Petty, J.D. Ho, K.T. Stern, E.A. 2000, Selective removal of organic contaminants from sediments A methodology for toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs). Chemosphere 40 811-819. 

Burgess, R.M. (2000). Characterising and identifying toxicants in marine waters a review of marine Toxicity Identification Evaluations (TIEs). International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 13, pp. 2—33. 

Three fundamental TRE components are Toxicity Identification Evaluations (TIEs), Source Investigations (Sis), and Toxicity Treatability Evaluations CITEs). 

Toxicity Identification Evaluations (TIEs) for effluents, ambient waters, and other aqueous media. Workshop on Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) what works, what doesn t, and developments for effluents, ambient waters, and other aqueous media 2001 Jun 23-28 Pensacola Beach FL. Pensacola FL, USA Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (Norberg-King et al., 2005), ... 

A Toxicity Reduction Evaluation (TRE) is a site-specific and systematic approach that combines laboratory testing, chemical analysis and on-site investigations to achieve compliance with toxicity based effluent limits. Three fundamental TRE components include 1) Toxicity Identification Evaluations (TIEs), 2) Source Investigations (Sis), and 3) Toxicity Treatability Evaluations... 

Figure 2. Phase 1 Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) strategy (based on U.S. EPA, 1991a).

Novak, L.J., Holtze, K.E. and Roy, R. (1998) Evaluation of Toxicity Reduction Evaluation (TRE) and Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) application to the Canadian mining industry, AETE Report No. 1.2.5. Prepared by ESG International Inc. 

Environmental samples often contain swathes of different chemicals in mixtures. An important question for risk assessment, regulation, and remediation is to establish whether the majority of chemicals contribute to the overall mixture effect, or whether joint toxicity can be traced back to a few substances. This issue has been the topic of considerable research efforts in the field of ecotoxicology. Its resolution has required whole mixture approaches, where environmental samples were subjected to extraction procedures, followed by fractionation and chemical analysis (toxicity identification evaluation (TIE), bioassay-directed fractionations). There are interesting examples in the literature where such approaches were combined with component-based mixture assessments with the aim of identifying chemicals that contribute to mixture effects (see Chapter 4). 

Chief among the knowledge gaps that currently impede progress is a lack of information about cumulative exposure scenarios. Comparatively few studies have measured multiple chemicals in one and the same sample, and consequently, information about how many pollutants co-occur, and at what levels, is patchy. Viable concepts for cumulative exposure assessment strategies need to be developed, and the experiences that have occurred in the areas of bioassay-directed fractionations and with the toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) concepts no doubt provide valuable stimuli. 

Whole mixture approaches may also be indicated as diagnosis instruments, and are often used for site-specific, retrospective investigations, and hence often deal with complex mixtures, that is, those that have at least partly an unknown chemical composition. This may, for example, concern industrial or field samples containing a mixture of chemicals that is only partly or incompletely characterized. Whole mixture approaches may include bioassays, effect-directed analysis (EDA), and toxicity identification evaluation (TIE). Bioassays may be used to determine actual toxicity of an environmental sample, and do not necessarily bother about composition of the mixture or toxicity of the components. EDA and TIE approaches may be used to identify the (groups of) chemicals that are the main cause of toxicity. Mixture toxicity concepts may be useful to explain how chemicals present in the sample could have interacted to cause its toxicity. 

Identification of the chemical fractions of a complex waste that contribute to toxicity (toxicity identification evaluation, TIE)... 

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1996) Marine Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) Phase I, Guidance Document, EP.A/600/R-96/054. USEPA, Cincinnati, OH. 

Marine Sediment Toxicity Identification Evaluations (TIEs) History, Principles, Methods, and Future Research... 

For all of these reasons, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) along with its research partners have developed an approach called sediment Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) to identify specific toxicants or classes of toxicants responsible for causing toxicity in sediments. The approach consists of several phases encompassing both toxicity testing and chemical manipulations used in parallel and iteratively imtil the active toxicants or classes of toxicants are identified. While freshwater methods have been developed in parallel to the marine methods, this chapter discusses the history, basic principles, methods, and future research for marine sediment TIES. 

Fig. 2 Whole sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) toxicant classes and manipulations...

US Environmental Protection Agency, Marine toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures manual Phase 1 Guidance Document (1996) EPA 600/R-96/054 USEPA/ Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC... 

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