Toxicity identification and evaluation

Svenson, A., Sanden, B., Dalhammar, G., Remberger, M. and Kaj, L. (2000) Toxicity identification and evaluation of nitrification inhibitors in wastewaters, Environmental Toxicology 15 (5), 527-532. 

In this study detailed fault trees with probability and failure rate calculations were generated for the events (1) Fatality due to Explosion, Fire, Toxic Release or Asphyxiation at the Process Development Unit (PDU) Coal Gasification Process and (2) Loss of Availability of the PDU. The fault trees for the PDU were synthesized by Design Sciences, Inc., and then subjected to multiple reviews by Combustion Engineering. The steps involved in hazard identification and evaluation, fault tree generation, probability assessment, and design alteration are presented in the main body of this report. The fault trees, cut sets, failure rate data and unavailability calculations are included as attachments to this report. Although both safety and reliability trees have been constructed for the PDU, the verification and analysis of these trees were not completed as a result of the curtailment of the demonstration plant project. Certain items not completed for the PDU risk and reliability assessment are listed. 

Exposure assessment An identification and evaluation of the human population exposed to a toxic agent, describing its composition and size, as well as the type, magnitude, frequency, route and duration of exposure. 

Often, regulatory requirements are such that test failures trigger additional evaluations. As part of the toxicity-based approach to effluent permitting, toxicity identification and reduction evaluations (TI/RE) schemes were implemented to identify and reduce the toxic components of complex effluents... 

Kalabat, D., Kindt, E., Vitsky, A., Scott, W., Huang, W., and Yang, A.H. 2015. Identification and evaluation of novel microRNA biomarkers in biofluids for dmg-induced intestinal toxicity, manuscript in preparation. 

Hazard identification involves gathering and evaluating data on the types of health injury or disease that may be produced by a chemical and on the conditions of exposure under which injury or disease is produced. It may also involve characterization of the behavior of a chemical within the body and the interactions it undergoes with organs, cells, or even parts of cells. Hazard identification is not risk assessment. It is a scientific determination of whether observed toxic effects in one setting will occur in other settings. 

Risk characterization is defined as the integration of the data and analysis of the above three components to determine the likelihood that humans wiU. experience any of the various forms of toxicity associated with a substance. When the exposure data are not available, hypothetical risk is characterized by the integration of hazard identification and dose—response evaluation data. 

Scientists skilled in epidemiology, toxicology, and related disciplines collect and evaluate all of the scientific literature containing information regarding the types of toxic effect the chemical under review has been shown to produce. Toxic effects include one or more of the many manifestations of toxicity described earlier in this book. The list of adverse health effects produced by the chemical are said to constitute its toxic hazards, and the critical review and evaluation leading to the list is the hazard identification step. A discussion of the extent to which causal associations with human disease or toxic harm have been established is an important aspect of this step. 

Brix R, Bahi N, Lopez de Alda MI, Farre M, Fernandez JM, Barcel6 (2009) Identification of disinfection by-products of selected triazines in drinking water by LC-Q-ToF-MS/MS and evaluation of their toxicity. J Mass Spectrom 44(3) 330-337... 

Toxicity Reduction and Toxicity Identification Evaluations for Effluents, Ambient... 

Toxicity Identification Evaluation/Toxicity Reduction Evaluation What Works and What Doesn t. Pensacola, Elorida, 23 to 27 Jun 2001. Published by SETAC, 2005. 

In the chemical safety report, the hazard assessment of a particular substance is based on the data set provided in the technical dossier. This contains substance-specific information on physicochemical properties as well as on toxicological and ecotoxicological hazards. One objective of the hazard assessment is the substance s hazard identification, which comprises the determination of its physicochemical and hazardous properties for the purpose of classification. Concerning human health hazards, both human and nonhuman information is taken into consideration and evaluated with respect to the classification criteria laid down in the Dangerous Substances Directive and in the CLP Regulation, respectively. However, in most cases human data do not exist, so the hazard identification has to be based on data from animal experiments. With respect to teratogenicity, this hazardous property may in principle be detected in the following toxicity studies ... 

Burgess, R.M. (2000). Characterising and identifying toxicants in marine waters a review of marine Toxicity Identification Evaluations (TIEs). International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 13, pp. 2—33. 

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