Toxicity alcohol sulfates

Alcohol ether sulfates are still less toxic than alcohol sulfates and their LD values are commonly above 4000 mg/kg and sometimes above 10,000 mg/kg [335]. Toxicity decreases as the number of moles of ethylene oxide added to the base alcohol increases. 

Subacute and chronic toxicity of alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates has been extensively tested in several animals and sometimes humans. The duration of the tests was in some cases as long as 2 years. When administered below the toxic amount no specific damages were observed in any of the species tested [333]. No severe side effects were observed in the study by Swisher, carried out with volunteers who ingested considerable amounts of anionic and nonionic surfactants over long periods [348]. Similarly, the effects produced by the intake of daily doses of 1 g of alcohol sulfate per person over 8 weeks [349],... 

Alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates have also been studied to determine their toxicity by percutaneous absorption in rats and guinea pigs [354-356]. Alcohol ether sulfates penetrate in the order of 1 ng/cm2/day and alcohol sulfates are less penetrant by a factor of 10. The surfactant absorbed was metabolized. Since it is known that human skin is less permeable than animal skin, only very small amounts of alcohol or alcohol ether sulfates can be absorbed even in the case of complete body exposure. 

Taking into account the low oral toxicity and the low intestinal and percutaneous absorption of alcohol sulfates and alcohol ether sulfates, the possibility of systemic toxic effects in humans is extremely unlikely [344]. 

Alcohol sulfates and alcohol ether sulfates have similar toxicities to daphniae and fish but alcohol ether sulfates can be considered slightly more toxic. Ger-... 

Many salts of ternary acids are used in medicine. Lithium carbonate, Li2C03, has been used successfully to combat severe jet lag. Lithium carbonate is also useful in the treatment of mania, depression, alcoholism, and schizophrenia. Magnesium sulfate, MgS04, sometimes helps to prevent convulsions during pregnancy and to reduce the solubihty of toxic barium sulfate in internally administered preparations consumed before gastrointestinal X-ray films are taken. 

Sodium (2-ethylhexyl) alcohol sulfate Sulfuric acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester sodium salt Definition Sodium salt of 2-ethylhexyl sulfate Empiricai C8H17O4S Na Properties M.w. 232.28 anionic Toxicoiogy LD50 (oral, rat) 4 g/kg, (oral, mouse) 1550 mg/kg poison by IP route mod. toxic by ing., skin contact skin and eye irritant TSCA listed... 

Sulfur trioxide reactivity can also be moderated through the use of SO adducts. The reactivity of such complexes is inversely proportional to their stabihty, and consequentiy they can be selected for a wide variety of conditions. Whereas moderating SO reactivity by adducting agents is generally beneficial, the agents add cost and may contribute to odor and possible toxicity problems in derived products. CeUulosic material has been sulfated with SO.—trimethyl amine adduct in aqueous media at 0 to 5°C (16). Sulfur trioxide—triethyl phosphate has been used to sulfonate alkenes to the corresponding alkene sulfonate (17). Sulfur trioxide—pyridine adduct sulfates oleyl alcohol with no attack of the double bond (18). 

Ammonium cyanide may be prepared in solution by passing hydrogen cyanide into aqueous ammonia at low temperatures. It may also be prepared from barium cyanide and ammonium sulfate, or calcium cyanide with ammonium carbonate. It may be prepared in the dry state by gentiy heating a mixture of potassium cyanide or ferrocyanide and ammonium chloride, and condensing the vapor in a cooled receiver. Ammonium cyanide is soluble in water or alcohol. The vapor above soHd NH CN contains free NH and HCN, a very toxic mixture. 

Benzyioxycarbonyi chioride (Cbz-Ci, benzyi cbioroformate) [501-53-1] M 170.6, b 103 /20mm, d 1.195, n 1.5190. Commercial material is better than 95% pure and may contain some toluene, benzyl alcohol, benzyl chloride and HCl. After long storage (e.g. two years at 4 , Greenstein and Winitz [The Chemistry of the Amino Acids Voi 2 p. 890, J Wiley and Sons NY, 1961] recommended that the liquid should be flushed with a stream of dry air, filtered and stored over sodium sulfate to remove CO2 and HCl which are formed by decomposition. It may further be distilled from an oil bath at a temperature below 85 because Thiel and Dent [Annalen 301 257 1898] stated that benzyioxycarbonyi chloride decarboxylates to benzyl chloride slowly at 100 and vigorously at 155 . Redistillation at higher vac below 85 yields material which shows no other peaks than those of benzyioxycarbonyi chloride by NMR spectroscopy. LACHRYMATORY and TOXIC. 

Dioxane is an impurity present in alcohol ethoxy sulfates formed during sulfation of the ethoxylated alcohol. 1,4-Dioxane is a carcinogen in rats and mice [312-314] and has been considered as a possible carcinogen to humans [315-317]. However, the no-effect dose in rats is equivalent to a daily intake of dioxane of 9.6-19.0 mg/kg/day, which corresponds to 0.672 g/day for humans. In other studies it has been determined that the threshold for onset of human toxicity of 1,4-dioxane lies above an intake of 76 mg/kg in adult males [318]. Although it seems to be demonstrated that amounts up to 1000 ppm of... 

Aquacoat ECD (ethylcellulose polymer, acetyl alcohol, and sodium lauryl sulfate in water) Coating for tablets and capsules Repeat-dose toxicity with routine end points (90 days—oral rat) and reproduction toxicity (embryo-fetal study in rat) No adverse findings for general toxicity or reprotoxicity 29, 30... 

A mixture of 493 g. (2.00 moles) of magnesium sulfate hepta-hydrate and 700 ml. of tap water is stirred for 5 minutes and filtered into a 2-1. three-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer and an alcohol thermometer that dips into the solution. The flask is immersed in a cooling bath (Note 1), the stirrer is started, and the solution is cooled to 10°. To the solution is added, in one portion, 143 g. (2.20 moles) of potassium cyanide Caution Toxic), and the stirring is continued for 45 minutes at 8-12° (Note 2). The solution is maintained at this temperature while 102 g. (1.10 moles) of epichlorohydrin (Note 3) is added dropwise with stirring over a period of 1 hour (Note 4). The mixture is allowed to come to room temperature and is stirred for an additional 24 hours at this temperature. 

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