Toxic inhalation

Health and Safety Factors. Terephthahc acid has a low order of toxicity. Inhalation by rats for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 4 wk produced no fatahties at a dust exposure level of 25 mg/m. The mean acute oral toxicity for rats is over 18 g/kg (86), and for mice over 6 g/kg (87). When terephthahc acid was fed as 3% of the diet to rats, urinary calcuh formed in 90 d, some of which led to cancer. High doses of terephthahc acid lead to formation of calcium terephthalate at levels exceeding its solubihty in urine. This insoluble material leads to the calcuh and provides a threshold below which cancer is not observed (88). Normal precautions used in handling industrial chemicals should be observed with terephthahc acid. If ventilation is inadequate, a toxic-dust respirator should be used to avoid prolonged exposure. 

Dimethyl terephthalate also shows low toxicity. Inhalation by rats of dust for 4 h/d for 58 d showed no toxicological effects at levels up to 86... 

Health and Safety Factors. Isophthahc acid has a low order of toxicity. Inhalation by rats for 4 h at 11.4 g/m showed no toxicity. The LD -level for rats is high at 10.4 g/kg (96). As with terephthahc acid, isophthahc acid was found to form urinary tract calcuh in rats in 90 d when it constituted 3% of their diet. This led to some cancer owing to the presence of the calcuh. Some mild eye irritation is possible, so eye protection should be worn. Otherwise, normal precautions used in handling industrial chemicals should be observed with isophthahc acid. 

Hoidal CR, Hall AH, Robinson MD, et al. 1986. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning from toxic inhalations of roofing asphalt fumes. Ann Emerg Med 15 826-830. 

Warheit, D.B., Brock, W.J., Lee, K.P., Webb, T.R., and Reed, K.L. (2005) Comparative pulmonary toxicity inhalation and instillation studies with different Ti02 particle formulations impact of surface treatments on partide toxicity. Toxicological Sciences, 88 (2), 514-524. 

BAL British Anti-Lewisite. Dimercaprol, a treatment for toxic inhalations. 

Toxicity indicators, 23 112-114 Toxicity inhalation tests, 10 660 Toxicity studies acute, 25 217 chronic, 25 218 short-term repeated, 25 217 subchronic, 25 217-218 Toxicity units (TU), 25 887 Toxic materials, 21 833-836... 

Elemental arsenic is much less toxic than its soluble compounds. Only its uncommon yellow aUotrope is highly toxic. Inhalation of metal dusts can cause ulceration of nasal septum. Ingestion may produce systemic skin and gastrointestinal effects in humans. Arsenic and its compounds are human carcinogens producing hver tumors. 

Although the toxicity of metallic copper is very low, many copper(II) salts may have varying degrees of toxicity. Inhalation of dusts, mists or fumes of the metal can cause nasal perforation, cough, dry throat, muscle ache, chills and metal fever. Copper in trace amounts is a nutritional requirement, used metaholically in plant and animal enzymes and other biological molecules. It can be either a toxicant or a nutrient within a concentration that may be in the same order of magnitude. 

Monogermane is moderately toxic. Inhalation causes irritation of the respiratory tract. Chronic exposure can induce kidney and liver damage. 

Industrial refractories are by their veiy nature stable materials and usually do nor constitute a physiological hazard. This is not so, however, for unusual refractories that might contain heavy metals or radioactive oxides, such as thoria and urania. or to binders or additives that may be toxic. Inhalation of certain fine dusts may constitute a health hazard. Forexample, exposure to silica, asbestos, and beryllium oxide dusts over a period of time results in the potential risk of lung disease. 

Hazards Wear gloves and use care when handling mercury. Although mild skin contact with mercury is virtually non-toxic, inhalation of vapors may be fatal. Ingestion or skin absorption of mercury compounds can lead to illness and death. Use caution. 

Urbanetti, J. S. (1997). Toxic inhalational injury. In F. R. Sided, E. T. Takafuji, D. R. Franz (Eds.), Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare (p. 266). Washington, DC Borden Institute. 

Hydrazoic acid is a volatile, endothermic liquid of unbearably acrid odor. Some of its properties are given in Table 18. Hydrazoic acid and its salts are very toxic. Inhalation of small quantities causes the blood pressure to drop and damages the mucous membranes. Exposure to HN3 vapors can be recognized by reddening of the eyes. Pure, liquid hydrazoic acid is very sensitive and explodes with slight mechanical stress. It is completely miscible with water and soluble in alcohols and ethers. Tests have shown that aqueous solutions with less than 20% hydrazoic acid do not detonate. Diethylether, which has almost the same boiling point (307.7 K) as HN3 can be used as a blanketing fluid. 

Parrish, J.S., Bradshaw, D.A. (2004). Toxic inhalational injury gas, vapor and vesicant exposure. Respir. Care Clin. North Am. 10 43-58. 

Table 2-1. Levels of Significant Exposure to Uranium - Chemical Toxicity - Inhalation... 

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