Total organic carbon, TOC

Several methods have been developed to estimate the oxygen demand in waste water treatment systems. Commonly used laboratory methods are biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total oxygen demand (TOD), total organic carbon (TOC), and theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD). 

Fig. 3. pH Dependence of total organic carbon (TOC) decay during the photooxidation of a landfill leachate using H2O2/uv. Initial TOC concentration,... 

Organic Carbon. The total organic carbon (TOC) in a water sample is determined by injecting a microliter sample into a heated, packed tube in a stream of oxygen. The water is vapori2ed and carbon is converted to carbon dioxide, which is detected with a nondispersive infrared analy2er. 

Semi-conductors Ultra-high purity water Total organic carbon (TOC) reduction... 

One important measurement made by geochemists is the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) measurement. The results are expressed as a weight percentage. When the TOC is less than 0.5 percent, the rock is considered unlikely to have enough kerogen to produce oil or gas. 

Softening and raising the pH level of the RW tends to increase the rejection rate of silica, boron, and total organic carbon (TOC). It also tends to increase silica solubility, thus reducing the risk of silica deposition on the membrane. 

Additionally, if a selected polymeric DCA is properly matched to a particular boiler operating temperature and pressure, there should be no increase in the total organic carbon (TOC) level of the steam. 

NOTE The decomposition of DEHA should not be considered too seriously because it is very low initially. At 1,500psig, DEHA breakdown only amounts to 3%, as measured by the total organic carbon (TOC) content. Compare this to HQ, which breaks down to the extent of 43% at the same pressure. 

The mineralization of 0.2 mM Indigo Carmine was conducted in a batch photo reactor (0.5 L) in the presence of 8W UVC light and 10 mM H2O2 at different initial solution pHs and 30 C, as described in our previous study [4]. The total organic carbon (TOC) of the... 

Vourch et al49 studied the applicability of the RO process for the dairy industry wastewater. The treated wastewater total organic carbon (TOC) was <7 mg/L. It was found that in order to treat a flow of 100 m3/d, 540 m2 of the RO unit is required with 95% water recovery. Dead-end NF and RO were studied for the treatment of dairy wastewater.50 Permeate COD, monovalent ion rejection, and multivalent ion rejection for the dead-end NF were reported as 173-1095 mg/L, 50-84%, and 92.4-99.9%, respectively. When it comes to the dead-end RO membranes, the values for permeate COD, monovalent ion removal, and multivalent ion removal were 45-120 mg/L, >93.8%, and 99.6%, respectively. Membrane filtration technology can be better utilized as a tertiary treatment technology and the resultant effluent quality will be high. There can be situations where the treated effluents can be reused (especially if RO is used for the treatment). 

Soils were further characterized by the determination of pH in water and potassium chloride in the proportions 1 2.5, total organic carbon (TOC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Transfer coefficients between soil and plant and enrichment in soils were determined. The results for Pb were represented in the form of relative enrichments for soils (Kabata-Pendias, 1985) and transfer coefficients in plants (Kovalevskii, 1979). 

Total organic carbon—TOC-500 Shimadzu Corporation International Marketing Division Shinjuku Mitsui Building 1,1, Nishi Shinjuku 2 Chrome Shinjuku ku Tokyo 163 Japan... 

Chemical analysis of water samples collected from monitoring wells and adjacent ditches was performed for BTEX, total organic carbon (TOC), chromium, and lead. Results of analysis presented a complicated chemical distribution in a dynamic... 

The esterification by-product, water, is removed via a process column in a continuous steady-state mode of operation. The bottom product of the column, being mainly EG, flows back into the esterification reactor. The condensed top product consists mainly of water with small traces of EG. In cases where a reverse-osmosis unit is connected to the distillate flow line, the residual EG can be separated very efficiently from the water [124], The combination of a process column with reverse osmosis saves energy cost and capital investment. The total organic carbon (TOC) value of the permeate is sufficiently low to allow its discharge into a river or the sea without any environmental impact. 

The slurry effluent is analyzed for residual organics, and if it meets total organic carbon (TOC) specifications, it is pumped to an evaporator/crystallizer system, where water is evaporated and the salts crystallized for off-site disposal. These inorganic salts are readily stabilized and are suitable for disposal in existing permitted landfills. The recovered water is either reused in the process, sent to a unit that produces deionized water, or used for making caustic solution. If the effluent does not meet TOC specifications, it is routed to an off-specification effluent tank and then returned as part of the SCWO reactor feed. 

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