Total cholesterol mass

Early work using the lymph fistula rat demonstrated that the amount of cholesterol appearing in intestinal lymph is directly proportional to the amount of dietary cholesterol present in the intestinal lumen [102]. Although less complete data are available in other species, this relationship also appears to be true in rabbit [103] and man [104]. Thus, in the post-absorptive state, after the intake of a diet containing substantial amounts of sterol, most cholesterol in intestinal lymph is probably derived from the diet [98]. 

It is less clear, however, what proportion of sterol reaching the lymph is derived from other luminal sources, particularly when the diet contains little or no cholesterol. This problem has been approached in several ways. One is to feed a newly available, non-absorbable polymer called surfbmer that binds to the mucosal membrane of the intestine and reduces the passive permeability coefficient for hydrophobic molecules such as cholesterol. In animals fed this polymer and only trace quantities of 

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Fig. 5. The secretion rate of total cholesterol mass (A) and phospholipid mass (B) in the thoracic duct lymph in rats infused with emulsions containing 1,3-dioleoylglycerol (DAG) or trioleoylglycerol (TAG). Each value represents the mean SEM, n = 7. Significantly different (P< 0.01) from the corresponding values for the rats infused with TAG.

Antihypercholesterolemic effect. Polico-sanol, administered orally to normocholes-terolemic New Zealand rabbits at doses of 5-200 mg/kg for 4 weeks, significantly reduced total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) serum levels in a dose-dependent manner. Serum triglyceride (TC) levels of the treated and control animals were significantly different, but the reduction observed was not dose-dependent. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels remained unchanged. The results indicated that the reduction in total cholesterol values induced by policosanol was mainly mediated through a decrease in LDL-C levels . Policosanol was administered to patients who were obese (body mass... 

Droplets of different density and lipid protein ratios ranging from about 1.5 1 to 40 1 have been isolated from bovine mammary gland. Triglycerides are the major lipid class in droplets of all sizes and represent increasingly greater proportions of total droplet mass in increasingly less dense droplet preparations. Surface coat material of droplets contains cholesterol and the major phospholipid classes found in milk, i.e. sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidyl-serine. 

The mass of internal standards and analytes of interest in each sample are determined from the appropriate standard curves (mass vs. AUC). The total mass of excreted cholesterol and related sterols is calculated from the 5a-cholestane peak (i.s.) in each sample sterol mass per 0.5 g feces = sterol massGC x 40/i.s. masscc- The total excreted per 3 days is then calculated from the total fecal mass collected. Data are finally reported as mass (or moles) excreted per day per gram body weight. 

Raloxifene reduces the rate of bone loss and may increase bone mass at certain sites. In a large clinical trial, raloxifene increased spinal bone mineral density by more than 2% and reduced the rate of vertebral fractures by 30 to 50%, but did not significantly reduce nonvertebral fractures. Raloxifene does not appear to increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer. The drug has beneficial actions on lipoprotein metabolism, reducing both total cholesterol and LDL however, HDL is not increased. Adverse effects include hot flashes, deep vein thrombosis, and leg cramps. 

Cold mass was also measured for TG, total cholesterol, and PL. The lipid fractions were separated by thin-layer chromatography. Significant differences of the means between treatment groups at each interval were established using Student s t-test at the level of P < 0.05. 

The secretion rates of lipid mass of total cholesterol and PL fractions for each interval are shown in Figure 5. There were no differences in the secretion rates of cholesterol in the lymphatic fluid between the rats infused with DAG or TAG. The lymphatic PL mass secreted in the first interval was significantly lower in rats infused with the DAG emulsion. The specific activity of lymphatic PL during 0-1 h after infusion also... 

Abbreviations BMI, body mass index TAG, triacylglycerol TC, total cholesterol HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol. 

Similarly, when 62 patients taking stavudine were switched to tenofovir in a prospective study, without changing any other drug, median malar fat thickness increased by 0 8 mm within 24 months and total fat mass increased by 3.9 kg [62 ]. Plasma lactate concentrations fell from 3.05 to 1.19 mmol/l, mainly in patients with baseline hyperlacta-temia. There were significant improvements in total cholesterol (-12%), triglycerides (-31%), and total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio (-11%). 

Cohen A, Hertz HS, Mandel J, Paule RC, Schaffer R, Sniegoski LT, Sun T, Welch MJ, and White E V (1980) Total serum cholesterol by isotope dilution mass spectrometry A candidate definitive method. Chn Chem 26 854-860. 

Ke HZ, Qi H, Chidsey-Frink KL, Crawford DT, Thompson DD (2001) Lasofoxifene (CP-336,156) protects against the age-related changes in bone mass, bone strength, and total serum cholesterol in intact aged male rats. J Bone Miner Res 16 765-773... 

A 38-year-old man with a family history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease makes an appointment for a routine physical examination with a physician he has not seen before. He explains that his father died young of a heart attack and that two paternal uncles have suffered strokes in their late 40s. Physical examination reveals yellowish lumps on his eyelids (xanthelasmas, which are often associated with a lipid disorder) and a resting blood pressure of 186/95 mm Hg. There is some excess visceral fat, and his body mass index calculates to 26.5. Total serum cholesterol (476 mg/dL) and triglycerides (288 mg/dL) are elevated and subsequent angiography reveals atherosclerotic restrictions of at least two coronary arteries. 

In a small randomized, open, comparative study patients who switched to abacavir from either stavudine or stavudine plus a protease inhibitor or NNRTI, or a protease inhibitor + NNRTI had improved total and LDL cholesterol (156). Total arm and leg fat mass, measured by DEXA scan, rose significantly in those who... 

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