Toluene-2,4-disulfonic acid

Only one of the six possible toluenedisulfonic acids is prepared by the sulfonation reaction, toluene-2,4-disulfonic acid. This acid is the predominant product of the sulfonation of toluene, o- and p-toluenesulfonic acid, and o- and p-toluenesulfonyl chloride. Toluene-2,4,6-trisulfonic acid is obtained from the reaction of potasaum toluene-2,4-disulfonate (1 mole) with chlorosulfonic acid (3 moles) at 240 . ... 

Catalysts. Catalyst addition was weight percent on polymer solids. Solution polymers employed, for example, 2-hydroxycyclohexane-p-toluene sulfonate or Nacure 155 (King Industries, dlalkylnaphthalene disulfonic acid) as organic soluble acids. A variety of catalysts were tested with emulsion polymers, the best choice varied with base polymer hydrophobicity and functional monomer distribution. Some of these Included p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA), ammonium chloride,... 

Waters Q-8HR (strong anion exchange, 8 fi particles) Low molecular weight aromatic sulfonates (e.g., p-toluene sulfonic acid, napthalene disulfonic acid) /3-lactoglobulins A and B 53... 

Seven-membered silasultones 341 were synthesized in good-to-moderate yields by dehydrative cyclization of disulfonic acid siloxanes 340, carried out via vacuum sublimation (Equation 63). This method was found to be superior to attempted dehydrative cyclization of the disulfonic acids by azeotropic removal of water in refluxing toluene <2005T7233>. 

Milling Red SWB l-[4-[4-[4-toluene ulfonyloxy]phenylazo](3,3 dimethyl-l,l -biphenyl)-4 -azo]-2-hydroxynaphthalene-6,8-disulfonic acid di-Na salt. Acid Red 114 [6459-94-5] M 830.8, m dec >250 , Cl 23635, Awith sodium acetate, then repeatedly extract it with EtOH and dry the solid in air. [McGrew Schneider Jriwi Chem Soc 72 2547 1950, Beilstein 16 II 140.] See Solochrome Violet R [2092-55-9] in Aromatic compounds in this Chapter. 

Evidence that Eq. (30) can show an isotope effect when it is rate determining is found in the sulfonation of tritiated toluene, which is 2.5 times slower than ordinary toluene (Melander, 1950). Here the effect is still rather small. A more striking demonstration of a shift to rate-controlling proton loss is found in the coupling of p-chlorobenzenediazonium ion with deuterated 2-naph-thol-6,8-disulfonic acid [Eq. (31)]. 

Nitrotoluene is used mainly in the manufacture of pure 2,4-toluene diisocyanate. The second most important product is 4-nitrotoluene-2-sulfonic acid, obtained by sulfonation, which is converted into 4,4 -dinitrostilbene-2,2 -disulfonic acid (DNSDSA) by oxidation with sodium hypochlorite. The reduction of DNSDSA yields the corresponding amino-compound (DASDSA), which is used in the manufacture of optical brighteners and dyes. 

Fig, 19-7 e XlOGHz) versus (10GHz) for Poly(aniline) samples doped with three different acids (HCl), p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) and naphthalene 1,5-disulfonic acid (NDSA). After Reference [486], reproduced with permission. 

Most emulsion polymerization is based on free-radical reactions, involving monomers (e.g., styrene, butadiene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, etc.), surfactant (sodium dodecyl diphenyloxide disulfonate), initiator (potassium persulfate), water (18.2MQ/cm), and other chemicals and reagents such as sodium hydrogen carbonate, toluene, eluent solution, sodium chloride, and sodium hydroxide. 

Replacing the triacidic acid TPPTS by the disulfonated TPPDS in combination with TCD-diamine (tricydodecane diamine), a salt partly soluble in toluene and soluble in THF was formed. The same is true with N, N -dimethyl-TCD-diamine instead of TCD-diamine. These salts may be useful in water-free (although bipha-sic) operation. Under spetial tircumstances even the olefin for the further catalysis may serve as a solvent itself. This concept was successfully realized with dicy-clopentadiene (DCP). 

Inhibiting Side Reactions. As stated in a preceding section, undesired by-product sulfone formation is pronounced in the mono- and disulfonation of ai matic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, or xylene with SO or strong oleum. The addition of acetic acid (about 5 per cent by weight of the hydrocarbon) inhibits, but does not eliminate, sulfone formation. Sodium sulfate and sodium benzenesulfonate are also said to inhibit sulfone formation from benzene. In sul nating dodecylbenzene detergent alkylate with SO3, sulfone formation does not occur as it does with benzene or toluene, but sulfonic anhydride formation does occur. This objection-... 

Hexadecylpyridinium chloride 1-Hexadecylpyridinium chloride n-Hexade-cylpyridinium chloride. See Cetylpyridinium chloride Hexadecyl sodium sulfate. See Sodium cetyl sulfate Hexadecyl stearate n-Hexadecyl stearate. See Cetyl stearate Hexadecyl (sulfophenoxy) benzenesulfonic acid, disodium salt See Sodium hexadecyl diphenyl disulfonate Hexadecyl tetradecanoate. See Cetyl myristate Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. See Cetrimonium bromide Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. See Cetrimonium chloride Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium p-toluene sulfonate. See Cetrimonium tosylate Hexadienic acid Hexadienoic acid 2/4-Hexadienoic acid. See Sorbic acid 2/4-Hexadienoic acid potassium salt. See Potassium sorbate Hexaethylene glycol. See PEG-6... 

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