Toluene data

Fig. 28. Time dependences of polymer yield, Mn, number of polymer chains produced per titanium atom [N], and Mw/Mn in the polymerization of propylene with the soluble Cp2Ti(Ph)2/ methylalumoxane catalyst at —60 °C. [Cp2Ti(Ph)2] = 0.146, [methylalumoxane] = 26, [C(H6] = 5800mmol/dm3, toluene (data of Ewen ll9t)...

A quantitative fit of the VE theory to the toluene data is shown in Fig. 20. In addition to the VE dephasing, an additional temperature-independent, fast-modulation dephasing process had to be included. Several reasonable mechanisms exist for this additional dephasing the population lifetime and inertial dynamics acting through phonon scattering or through imperfect correlations in the solvent. The theory reproduces... 

Fig. 29. Interaction potential as a function of separation for mica surfaces bearing terminally-anchored polystyrene chains with M — 131 kg/mol in toluene Data points are taken from Taunton et al. (1988) the curve is from Eq. (121), with n = 265, / = 1.46 nm, 2L = 140 nm, nl2

An analysis similar to that used for the benzene data was applied to the toluene data to investigate pore blocking as a function of concentration. Figure 10 illustrates this relationship for all six membranes. The data for membranes 5 and 6 can be approximated by a straight line therefore, ni was set to 1.0 in Equation 1. 

Problem 3.22 A crosslinked sample of polyisobutylene swells to 10 times its original volume in cyclohexane. What volume will it swell to in toluene [Data x (polyisobutylene-cyclohexane) = 0.436 molar volume of cyclohexane at 25°C = 108.7 cm /mol ... 

Figure 12.1.7. Intrinsic viscosity of PS/PVAc mixtures in methyl-ethyl-ketone, MEK, and toluene. [Data from H Raval, S Devi, Angew. Makromol. Chem., Ill, 27-34(1995).]...

Partial rate factors for the SgAr bromination of toluene. (Data from reference 166.)... 

These asymptotic relations indicate that both (R ) and (S ) are proportional to in the good solvent limit. This exponent 1.2, predicted early by Flory, is now established experimentally for (S ) the toluene data in Figure 3 indeed have this asymptotic slope for M> 10 . With the above expressions for small and large z, Domb and Barrett constructed interpolation formulas for the expansion factors applicable to the entire positive z range. The result for reads... 

For the calculation of (S ) (= s (S )o)/ H needs to be known in addition to the KP model parameters (M and A" ) or the HW model parameters M, A kq, and ro) characterizing (S )o-The curve for the toluene data in Figure 3 has been computed with B = 0.54 nm and the same HW chain parameters as those used for cyclohexane solutions. As the chain length deaeases, this curve merges with that for the theta solvent at L 6 nm, indicating that the PS chain in the good solvent is essentially unperturbed for XL <3. 

Example of NHV calculation for toluene based on thermodynamic data from Thermodynamic Tables - Hydrocarbons" edited by TRC (Thermodynamic Research Center, The Texas A M University System College Station, Texas, USA). 

If, on the other hand, the encounter pair were an oriented structure, positional selectivity could be retained for a different reason and in a different quantitative sense. Thus, a monosubstituted benzene derivative in which the substituent was sufficiently powerfully activating would react with the electrophile to give three different encounter pairs two of these would more readily proceed to the substitution products than to the starting materials, whilst the third might more readily break up than go to products. In the limit the first two would be giving substitution at the encounter rate and, in the absence of steric effects, products in the statistical ratio whilst the third would not. If we consider particular cases, there is nothing in the rather inadequate data available to discourage the view that, for example, in the cases of toluene or phenol, which in sulphuric acid are nitrated at or near the encounter rate, the... 

Kinetic data are available for the nitration of a series of p-alkylphenyl trimethylammonium ions over a range of acidities in sulphuric acid. - The following table shows how p-methyl and p-tert-h xty augment the reactivity of the position ortho to them. Comparison with table 9.1 shows how very much more powerfully both the methyl and the tert-butyl group assist substitution into these strongly deactivated cations than they do at the o-positions in toluene and ferf-butylbenzene. Analysis of these results, and comparison with those for chlorination and bromination, shows that even in these highly deactivated cations, as in the nitration of alkylbenzenes ( 9.1.1), the alkyl groups still release electrons in the inductive order. In view of the comparisons just... 

Partial rate factors may be used to estimate product distributions in disubstituted benzene derivatives The reactivity of a particular position in o bromotoluene for example is given by the product of the partial rate factors for the corresponding position in toluene and bromobenzene On the basis of the partial rate factor data given here for Fnedel-Crafts acylation predict the major product of the reaction of o bromotoluene with acetyl chlonde and aluminum chloride... 

Although this experiment is written as a dry-lab, it can be adapted to the laboratory. Details are given for the determination of the equilibrium constant for the binding of the Lewis base 1-methylimidazole to the Lewis acid cobalt(II)4-trifluoromethyl-o-phenylene-4,6-methoxysalicylideniminate in toluene. The equilibrium constant is found by a linear regression analysis of the absorbance data to a theoretical equilibrium model. 

Estimate the chain transfer constants for styrene to isopropylbenzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and benzene from the data presented in Fig. 6.8. Comment... 

Figure 6.8 Effect of chain transfer to solvent according to Eq. (6.89) for polystyrene at 100°C. Solvents used were ethyl benzene ( ), isopropylbenzene (o), toluene (- ), and benzene (°). [Data from R. A. Gregg and F. R. Mayo, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 2 328 (1947).]...

The first quantitative model, which appeared in 1971, also accounted for possible charge-transfer complex formation (45). Deviation from the terminal model for bulk polymerization was shown to be due to antepenultimate effects (46). Mote recent work with numerical computation and C-nmr spectroscopy data on SAN sequence distributions indicates that the penultimate model is the most appropriate for bulk SAN copolymerization (47,48). A kinetic model for azeotropic SAN copolymerization in toluene has been developed that successfully predicts conversion, rate, and average molecular weight for conversions up to 50% (49). 

Fig. 6. Pilot-scale kiln results for a fill fraction of 0.08% at 0.5 rpm and an initial toluene loading, on a dry, calcined, montmorillonite clay adsorbent, of 0.25 wt %, at A, 790°C B, 330°C and C, 190°C. The soHd lines are model fits using equation 24. The model simultaneously fits to all of the data (24).

Higher dimeric ketenes are flammable but have higher flash points and are less reactive than diketene. Almost no data are available. Diketene can be disposed of by incineration, preferably after dilution with an inert solvent such as toluene. Higher ketene dimers can also be incinerated. 

There is a considerable amount of experimentaldata for properties of mixtures wherein toluene is a principal constituent. Compilations and bibhographies exist for vapor—hquid equihbrium measurements (9,10), hquid—hquid equihbrium measurements (11), and azeotropic data (12,13). 

Tables 16 and 17 Hst tke analytical test methods for different properties of interest. The Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc. (MCA) has pubUshed the Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD 63, which describes in detail procedures for safe handling of use of toluene (46). The Interstate Commerce Commission classifies toluene as a flammable Hquid. Accordingly, it must be packaged in authorized containers, and shipping must comply with ICC regulations. Properties related to safe handling are autoignition temperature, 536°C explosive limits, 1.27—7.0 vol % in air and flash point 4.4°C, closed cup.

Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-63, Toluene, Manufacturing Chemists Association, Washington, D.C., 1956. 

Experimental data taken from the chlorination of toluene in a continuous stirred tank flow reactor at 111°C and irradiated with light of 500 nm wavelength yield a product distribution shown in Table 1 (1). 

Figures 12-37 to 12-39 show humidity charts for carbon tetrachloride, oenzene, and toluene. The lines on these charts have been calculated in the manner outlined for air-water vapor except for the wet-bulb-temperature lines. The determination of these hnes depends on data for the psychrometric ratio /j Z/c, as indicated by Eq. (12-22). For the charts shown, the wet-bulb-temperature hnes are based on the following equation ...

For apphcation to distiUation (a nearly isobaric process), as shown in Figs. 13-8 to 13-13, binary-mixture data are frequently plotted, for a fixed pressure, as y versus x, with a line of 45° slope included for reference, and as T versus y and x. In most binary systems, one of the components is more volatile than the other over the entire composition range. This is the case in Figs. 13-8 and 13-9 for the benzene-toluene system at pressures of both 101.3 and 202.6 kPa (1 and 2 atm), where benzene is more volatile than toluene. 

Work at the University of Manchester Institue of Science and Technology (UMIST) has resulted in several papers reporting efficiency data taken in a 0.6-m-diameter column. The systems methanol/water, isopropanoil/water, and toluene methylcyclohexane have been used. The results may be found in Lockett and Ahmed [Chem. Eng. Re.s. Des., 61, 110 (1983)], Korchinsky et al. [Trans. Chem. E., 72, 406 (1994)], and Korchinsky [ibid., 472]... 

---