Toluene acid catalyzed ethylene

The same type catalyst modified with boron (41), magnesium (42), or phosphoms (43) to reduce the pore size can be used to alkylate toluene with ethylene to produce predominantly -ethyltoluene. Since -ethyltoluene [622-96-8] has the smallest effective diameter of the ethyltoluene isomers, the selectivity to this isomer is favored because it can most easily escape the ZSM-5 pore stmcture. For the same reason, the alkylation of toluene [108-88-3] to xylene [106 2-3] also is favored over the usual acid catalyzed equiHbrium mixture of isomers when it is carried out over magnesium- or phosphoms-modified ZSM-5 (44). 

The effect of the catalyst-steroid ratio has been studied for the p-toluene-sulphonic acid-catalyzed ketalization of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione. Selective formation of the 3-monoketal is observed with the use of an equimolar amount of ethylene glycol and a low ratio of catalyst to steroid. ... 

A PPV derivative which is twofold phenylsubstituted at the vinylene unit, poly(l,4-phenylene-l,2-diphenylvinylene DP-PPV), (71b) (see also the discussion of dehydrochlorination of unsymmetrically substituted para-xylylene dichlorides in Section 3.1) was first synthesized by Smets et al., using acid-catalyzed elimination of nitrogen from l,4-bis(diazobenzyl)benzene 83 [106]. The yellow products obtained are fully soluble in common organic solvents (toluene, chloroform, ethylene chloride, DMF, THF). 

The reaction of toluene with propylene and higher olefins is similar to that of toluene with ethylene. In contrast to the acid-catalyzed alkylation of aromatics, the base-catalyzed reaction of toluene with propylene takes place less rapidly than the reaction with ethylene. With more severe conditions, such as temperatures of 225-250°, the reaction of toluene with propylene may be made to proceed satisfactorily, but butylenes yield only small amounts of products even at 300°, as reported by Pines and Mark 20). Such conditions result not only in more hydrogen transfer, but alkyl-group... 

FIGURE 2.3(a) Self-catalyzed polyesterification of adipic acid with ethylene glycol at 439 K (b) polyesterification of adipic acid with ethylene glycol at 382 K, catalyzed by 0.4 mol percent of /7-toluene sulfonic acid. (Data from Flory.)... 

Zeolite NU-87, if containing Bronsted-acid sites, is an active catalyst for a large variety of acid catalyzed reactions hke toluene disproportionation, alkylation of benzene with ethylene, amination of methanol to methylamines etc. [51]. Moreover, it was found to possess interesting shape selective properties in the conversion of m-xylene [52] and of polynuclear aromatics, e.g. methylnaphtha-lenes [53]. On non-acidic (i.e. Cs+-exchanged) zeolite NU-87, loaded with small amounts of platinum, n-alkanes like n-hexane or n-octane can be dehydrocycliz-ed in high yields to the corresponding aromatics [54]. 

The manufacture of vlnyltoluene is analogous to that of styrene where toluene is substituted for benzene (Equations 1 and 2) in a conventional acid catalyzed alkylation with ethylene. The process gives rise to three Isomers during alkylation (Equation 1). The close boiling points (Table 2) of the meta and para isomers make it impractical to accomplish a separation by distillation (10). The ortho Isomer, however, is removed and recycled by a careful and costly distillation. This step is necessary because some of the ortho isomer undergoes cycllzatlon (Equation 3) during the dehydrogenation step to produce indan and Indene (11). 

Mobil PMS is prepared by an acid-catalyzed alkylation of toluene with ethylene to make ethyltoluene, which is subsequently dehydrogenated to methylstyrene. The key technological innovation which makes Mobil PMS different from vlnyltoluene is the ability to produce the para Isomer in high selectivity (> 97%) during the ... 

Oxidation catalysts are either metals that chemisorb oxygen readily, such as platinum or silver, or transition metal oxides that are able to give and take oxygen by reason of their having several possible oxidation states. Ethylene oxide is formed with silver, ammonia is oxidized with platinum, and silver or copper in the form of metal screens catalyze the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. Cobalt catalysis is used in the following oxidations butane to acetic acid and to butyl-hydroperoxide, cyclohexane to cyclohexylperoxide, acetaldehyde to acetic acid and toluene to benzoic acid. PdCh-CuCb is used for many liquid-phase oxidations and V9O5 combinations for many vapor-phase oxidations. 

A material such as Na°/NaY catalyzes the aldol condensation of acetone, to form mesityl oxide and eventually isophorone. Another strong base catalyzed reaction is the side chain alkylation of toluene with ethylene. In contrast with acid catalysis, side chain reaction is strongly preferred over ring alkylation. With a Na°/NaX in the gas phase at 473 K, toluene reacts to give n-propylbenzene (66%) and the dialkylated product, 3-phenylpentane (32%) (41). 

The oligomerization of olefins is mostly catalyzed by cationic complexes which are very soluble in ionic liquids. The Pd-catalyzed dimerization of butadiene [36] and the Ni-catalyzed oligomerization of short-chain olefins [5, 37], which is also known as the Difasol process [1 d] if chloroaluminate melts are used, can be mn in imidazolium salts 1 [38, 39]. Here, the use of chloroaluminate melts and toluene as the co-solvent is of advantage in terms of catalyst activity, product selectivity, and product separation. Cp2TiCl2 [6] and TiCU [40] in conjunction with alkylaluminum compounds were used as catalyst precursors for the polymerization of ethylene in chloroaluminate melts. Neither Cp2ZrCl2 nor Cp2HfCl2 was catalytically active under these conditions. The reverse conversion of polyethylene into mixtures of alkanes is possible in acidic chloroaluminate melts without an additional catalyst [41]. 

The alkylation of toluene with nrethanol is readily catalyzed on synthetic zeolites. Previous work has shown that the aromatic-ring alkylation of toluene with methanol takes place over acid zeolites [1], while the side-chain alkylation occurs preferentialty over basic zeolites [2,3]. The side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol, for producing a mbrtuie of styrene and ethylbenzene offers economical advantages conpared with the conventional homogeneously catalyzed Friedel-Crafts process, which use ethylene and benzene as reactants [4]. 

The maleopimaric and acrylopimaric adducts, aftCT a three-step synthesis with ethylene glycol catalyzed by p-toluene sulphonic acid (pTS A), followed by epychlorydrine and by acrylic or methacrylic acid, led to the formation of vinyl-type ester monomers (Fig. 4.19), which wctc then submitted to radical copolymerization with styrene and tested as metal coatings [ 103]. A similar approach to coating materials was recently applied to prepare unsaturated polyester resins based on resin acid adducts, glycols and maleic anhydride [104, 105]. 

Figure 25.4 Conversion obtained in the transesteiification reaction between ethyl valerate and 1-butanol in eight DESs as compared to that obtained in toluene, catalyzed by three hpases Candida antarctica hpase B (CALB), C. antarctica hpase A (CALA), and Pseudomonas cepacia hpase (PCL). ChCl, chohne chloride EAC, ethylammonium chloride A, acetamide G, glycerol EG, ethylene glycol U, urea MA, malonic acid. This figure is drawn by using the data taken from Gorke et al. [8].

Silicone oils (product may be diluted by hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones or chlorohydrocarbons, although this does not, however, appear as a specific claim) Aluminium oxides, titanium dioxides, plus various silicas. These react with silicone oil in situ, with the reaction being catalyzed by an acid-condensation reagent (1) Dimethyl polysiloxane -1-silica -t- aerogel -t- AICI3 diluted by toluene. (2) Dimethyl polysiloxane -1-alumina -t- SnCU diluted by toluene. (3) Dimethyl polysiloxane -1-precipitated silica -1-phosphorous nitrile chloride + poly(ethylene glycol) stearate 1-30... 

While alkylation of aromatics with olefins or alcohols occurs at the aromatic ring over acid catalysts, alkylation of the alkyl groups proceeds over basic catalysts. Pines and coworkers reported that the side-chain alkylation of toluene with ethylene is effectively catalyzed by the use of a mixture of sodium and a promotor such as anthracene or o-chlorotoluene. ... 

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