Tobacco bacterial infections

Dust particles inhaled in tobacco smoke, together with bronchial mucus, must be removed from the airways by the ciliated epithelium. Ciliary activity, however, is depressed by tobacco smoke mucociliary transport is impaired. This depression favors bacterial infection and contributes to the chronic bronchitis associated with regular smoking. Chronic injury to the bronchial mucosa could be an important causative factor in increasing the risk in smokers of death from bronchial carcinoma. 

Major Appiications Fuel cell power generation system, liquid crystal displays, solor cells, sensors, thermochromic materials,coloring wood,n detergents, assessment of tobacco smoke, cosmetics,14 detect bacterial infections,i multidrug resistance inhibitors, treatment of bums, endodontic, diabetes, obesity, 5 cancer,2o age-related macular degeneration, viral diseases Safety/Toxicity Acute toxicity, combustion toxicity, 4 cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, nephrotoxicity, phototoxicity, soil toxicity ... 

Another complex macromolecular aggregate that can reassemble from its components is the bacterial ribosome. These ribosomes are composed of 55 different proteins and by 3 different RNA molecules, and if the individual components are incubated under appropriate conditions in a test tube, they spontaneously form the original structure (Alberts et al., 1989). It is also known that even certain viruses, e.g., tobacco mosaic virus, can reassemble from the components this virus consists of a single RNA molecule contained in a protein coat composed by an array of identical protein subunits. Infective virus particles can self-assemble in a test tube from the purified components. 

A FIGURE 1-6 Viruses must infect a host cell to grow and reproduce. These electron micrographs illustrate some of the structural variety exhibited by viruses, (a) T4 bacteriophage (bracket) attaches to a bacterial cell via a tail structure. Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages, or simply phages, (b) Tobacco mosaic virus causes a mottling of the leaves of... 

The first interaction between a virus and a host cell is mediated by specific attachment sites on the host-cell membrane (viral receptors) and by specific structural parts of the viral coat. In 1952 Hershey and Chase demonstrated that in a phage-bacterial system it is almost exclusively the nucleic acid of the virus that enters the cell, while the protein envelope remains on the cell surface and its removal does not affect the subsequent viral growth cycle. Gierer and Schramm (1956) and Fraenkel-Conrat et al. (1957) infected tobacco plants with the isolated RNA of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Shortly thereafter several laboratories reported the productive infection of cells by naked nucleic acids from a variety of viruses (see Wecker, 1962 Schaffer, 1962). These findings led to the widespread acceptance of two hypotheses ... 

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