Titanium pigments development

The process was invented and developed in Australia in the 1960s, initially by R. G. Becher at the Mineral Processing Laboratories of the West Australian Government Chemical Centre, and later by Western Titanium. In 1998 it was operating in three companies at four sites in Western Australia. Most of the beneficiate is used for the manufacture of titanium pigments some is used in titanium metal production and in welding rod coatings. Annual production in 1997 was approximately 600,000 tonnes. 

SOLINOX SO,. Linde NO,] A process for removing both NOx and SOx from fluegases. The SOx is removed by scrubbing with tetra-ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, circulated in a packed tower (the Selexol process). The NOx is destroyed by Selective Catalytic Reduction ( SCR). The sorbent is regenerated with steam the SOx is recovered for conversion to sulfuric acid. Developed by Linde in 1985 and used in a lead smelter in Austria and several power stations in Germany. In 1990 it was announced that it would be used at the titanium pigment plant in The Netherlands operated by Sachtleben. 

TSR (2) [Tiomin synthetic rutile] A process for removing much of the iron from ilmenite in order to make a feedstock for titanium pigment manufacture. Developed by Tiomin Resources, Canada, in the 1990s. 

TSR (2) [Tiomin Synthetic Rutile] A process for removing much of the iron from ilmenite in order to make a feedstock for titanium pigment manufacture. The ore is successively oxidized and reduced in fluidized beds, and then leached with hydrochloric acid. The product contains approximately 95% of titanium dioxide. Developed by Tiomin Resources, Canada, in the 1990s. Planned to be tested on a large scale in Queensland, Australia. 

Paints. Paints account for perhaps 3% of sulfur consumption (see Paint). The main sulfur use is for the production of titanium dioxide pigment by the sulfate process. Sulfuric acid reacts with ilmenite or titanium slag and the sulfur remains as a ferrous sulfate waste product. Difficulties with this process have led to the development of the chloride process (see Pigments, inorganic Titanium compounds). 

Fletcher A new process proposed for making titanium dioxide pigment from ilmenite, based on its dissolution in hydrochloric acid. Developed by Fletcher Titanium Products, a subsidiary of Fletcher Challenge, a large paper company in New Zealand, based on original... 

ICON [Integrated chlorination and oxidation] An improved version of the Chloride Process for making titanium dioxide pigment. It operates at above atmospheric pressure and is claimed to be cheaper to build. Chlorine from the oxidation section, under pressure, is introduced directly to the chlorinator. Developed by Tioxide Group, and first operated at its plant at Greatham, UK, in 1990. 

Bromide analysis, of water, 26 41 Bromide ions, in development solution, 79 205-206 Bromides, 4 319-330 thorium, 24 763 titanium, 25 54 tungsten, 25 379 uranium, 25 439 Bromimide, 4 299, 319 Brominated additive flame retardants, 77 461-468, 471-473t Brominated Anthanthrone Orange, pigment for plastics, 7 367t Brominated aromatic compounds, 7 7 459 Brominated bisphenol A-based epoxy resins, 70 366... 

A number of thermal stability tests arc available, some of which have developed into national (DIN) or international industrial standards (ISO). Pigments in thermoplastic systems, for instance, are studied under heat extrusion conditions [110]. The colorant to be tested, possibly together with titanium dioxide, is dispersed in the thermoplastic, using a mixer and a granulating extruder (Sec. 1.8.3). The pigmented test pellets are then fed into a screw extruder which ejects a standardized test specimen with defined dimensions [111]. Starting at the lowest possible temperature level, the extrusion temperature is increased by intervals of 10 or 20°C between samples. 

White pigments based on zinc sulfide were first developed and patented in 1850 in France. Although they are still of economic importance, they have continually lost market volume since the early 1950s when titanium dioxide was introduced. Only one modern production installation for zinc sulfide pigments still exists in the mar-... 

Unstabilized chrome yellow pigments have poor lightfastness, and darken due to redox reactions. Recent developments have led to improvements in the fastness properties of chrome yellow pigments, especially toward sulfur dioxide and temperature. This has been achieved by coating the pigment particles with compounds of titanium, cerium, aluminum, antimony, and silicon [3.134] — [3.142]. 

---