Titanium materials

The experimental equipment system for the preparation of nano titanium oxide by TiCl4 hydrolyzation-precipitation is the same as that shown in Fig. 14.2 in Chapter 14, and the submerged circulative impinging stream reactor (SCISR) is also made of titanium material for anti corrosion of Cl2 and CF, with an effective volume of 3.6x10" m. ... 

Another magical titanium material is the alloy nitinol, which can remember a previous shape and return to it. Nitinol consists of 55% nickel and 45% titanium, a combination which corresponds to one atom of nickel for each atom of titanium. This alloy was developed in the US in the 1960s at the Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory which gave rise to the name Ni-Ti-NOL. This alloy is best known as spectacle frames which can be twisted in a way that would be permanently deformed were they to be made of any other metal but, because they are made of nitinol, they will jump back to their original shape when the pressure is removed. 

Most metals can be electrolytically deposited from water-free melts of the corresponding metal salts. It is well known that aluminum, lithium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium are mass produced by electrolytic deposition from melts. Industrial processes for the melt-electrolytic production of beryllium, rare earth metals, titanium, zirconium, and thorium are also already in use. Pertinent publications [74, 137, 163] describe the electrolytic deposition of chromium, silicon, and titanium from melts. Cyanidic melts are used for the deposition of thick layers of platinum group metals. It is with this technique that, for instance, adhesion of platinum layers on titanium materials is obtained. Reports concerning the deposition of electrolytic aluminum layers [17, 71-73, 94, 96, 102, 164, 179] and aluminum refinement from fused salts [161] have been published. For these processes, fused salt... 

Surface Integrity, Fig. 4 Quantitative phase deteimination by EBSD for a two-phase titanium material... 

We evaluated removal performance by contacting a weighed amount of the sorbent with a measured volume of solution in a shaker bath at 25 2 °C. For titanium-containing sorbents, we add the sorbent to provide the equivalent amount of titanium as that from 0.4 g/L MST. For non-titanium materials, we added the sorbent to provide the same number of equivalents as that provided by 0.4 g/L MST. Typically, we sampled the batch-contact test bottles after 4, 24 and 168 hours and measured solution phase strontium and actinide concentrations after removing sorbent solids by filtration. 

Table lc.8 Deformation temperatures for various titanium materials (Ref. 1.13)... 

The machining of titanium materials presents no difficulties provided the following characteristic properties are taken into account ... 

The titanium materials must therefore be machined at low cutting speeds, at a relatively high feed rate with an ample supply of coolant... 

Electron beam welding is particularly suitable for titanium materials. It offers many advantages such as very narrow seams and small heat affected zones, weldability of thick diameters, high welding speed and reproducibility of even complex welds. 

Titanium materials can be spot welded without any particular preparation under similar conditions to those of stainless steel. Using flat-tipped electrodes, spot welding can be performed without inert gas. A hardening of the zone by up to 50 VHN compared with the base metal is regarded as normal and does not diminish the strength of the joint. Seam and flash-butt welding are also possible if an argon atmosphere is used. 

Diffusion welding is of particular importance for titanium materials because these materials are more amenable to a homogeneous band in the solid state state than other metals. After welding, the joint zone shows a higher temperature under high vacuum or, in an inert atmosphere, a microstructure very similar to that of the base metal. 

Platinum anodes have a limited operational range of oxidation potentials and thus attention has focused on Sn02-coated titanium materials. The tin oxide material, when doped with Sb (approximately 5%) to impart the appropriate electrical conductivity, has oxygen overpotentials some 600 mV greater than those of platinum. Tin oxide gives higher oxidation efficiencies to those of platinum, lead dioxide, ruthenium and iridium oxide (DSA) electrodes and is reported to be stable to corrosion during anodic oxidation. 

The electrolytic process conditions are as follows the anode was titanium material coated with ruthenium oxide and the cathode was pure titanium, the temperature was 60 C the cathode current density was 300A-m, the cobalt content in spent electrolyte was 20g-L the pH value was greater than 4. 

Key Words Titanium, Titanium alloys. Titanium materials, " Ti, " i, Solid-state NMR spectroscopy, Quadrupolar nuclei. Low gamma nuclei, Titanium dioxide... 

Osseointegration Technology of attaching prosthetic legs to a titanium material directly in the bone to avoid problems with anchoring methods. 

The surface preparation procedures described in ASTM F 86 passivate stainless steels and cobalt alloys. Titanium materials do not require this passivation. It is not clear what the ideal surface for the metal implants should be, and this will continue to be an aspect of studies relating to interfaces of these materials with the body. The condition of the surface may influence ion release. 

Lim, YJ Oshida, Y. Initial contact angle measurements on variously treated dental/medical titanium materials. Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering, 2001, 11, 325-341. 

MacDonald, DE Markovic, B Allen, M Somasundaran, P Boskey, AL. Surface analysis of human plasma fibronectin adsorbed to commercially pure titanium materials. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 1998,41, 120-130. 

A second very important source of titanium is the titaniferous slag produced by pyrometallurgical processing of ilmenite-containing iron ores, titanomagnetites and titanohematites. This slag can contain up to 95% TiO. The biggest producers of this type of titanium material are South Africa and Canada. 

Nis84] Nishimura, T, Mizoguchi, T, and Itoh, Y., Titanium Materials for Ciyo-genic Service, Kobe Steel Engineering Reports, Vol 34,1984, p. 63-66... 

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