Time philosophies

As Dewey (2012, 159 ff.) points out, continued use of obsolete categories may raise philosophic problems difficult to recognize and to repair— but a different but parallel error may be even more harmful. Novel findings that do not fit preexisting categorial schemes may be effectively invisible—remain ignored for some time. Philosophy of chemistry has no immunity from this difficulty. 

Seven wastes Shigeo Shingo developed these waste categories as part of the Just-in-Time philosophy overproduction, waiting, transportation, stocks, motion, defects, and processing. 

How well do you pursue a make-to-order policy with an emphasis on material velocity (stock turn) (Large stocks of RM, work in progress and finished goods = 0.1, just-in-time philosophy with little or no buffer stock = 0.5.) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5... 

Safety stock and Just-in-Time philosophy are two areas that deserve more attention. If managers want to reduce inventory levels, these two areas are a good place to start. 

The positive results and savings due to use of NDT and TD are hundred times grater than made investments. This is the main reason why the philosophy of safety management was changed, i.e. from the philosophy to react and correcf to the principle to predict and reduce the losses . The use of NDT and TD allows to foresee the results of economic-technical activity, to make mostly efficient decisions, to reduce the risks, to simulate mutual processes relations in technogenic, ecological and social-economical fields. 

Quality in Japan. Japanese economic prowess has been attributed variously to such quahty improvement activities as quahty circles, statistical process control (SPG), just-in-time dehvery (JIT), and zero defects (ZD). However, the real key to success hes in the apphcation of numerous quahty improvement tools as part of a management philosophy called Kaizen, which means continuous improvement (10). 

The philosophy of RISC is that the CPU performs a very small number of very simple operations. Whereas a CISC-based computer might have an iastmction that fetches a number from memory and updates a counter, a RISC system implements such an operation with multiple, but simple, iastmctions. By keeping the CPU simple, it can be more readily scaled up to ever greater speeds. The idea is that, although it might execute many more iastmctions than a CISC machine, it can perform its simple iastmctions so much faster that it gets more work done ia a given time period. 

In problem solving and process studies, the front-end work is important. Proper definition and direction developed at the beginning will assure meeting corporate goals in a timely fashion. This section establishes the type of study example to be used for illustrating principles and philosophy, and presents the basic items necessary to begin such a study. 

Side studies should be done by in-house company personnel if possible. If communications are not perfect, it is easy for a contractor to provide a study on the wrong basis. Company design and operating and economic philosophy often are not fully communicated to the contractor with resulting waste of time. In any event, as discussed previously, in-house personnel must do economics. Therefore, use of a contractor is limited to the same portions of the side study as for the overall evaluation. 

The European philosophy on area classification varies from that of the United. States and Canada. Specifically, in Europe and most other inter national areas, the Zone concept is utilized. An area in which an expio sive gas-air mixture is continuously present, or present for long perioiK of time, is referred to as Zone 0. The vapor space of a closed, but vented, process vessel or storage tank is an example. An area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is likely to occur in normal operations is designated Zone 1. An area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is less likely to occur, and if it does occur will exist only for a short time, is designated Zone 2. Zone 0 and Zone 1 correspond to Division 1 in the U.S. and Canada System. Zone 2 is equivalent to Division 2. 

Because of the emphasis on modeling accident causation, data collection systems based on the system-induced error approach are likely to modify their data collection strategies over time. Thus, as evidence accumulates that the existing causal categories are inadequate to accoimt for the accidents and near misses that are reported, the data collection philosophy will be modified, and a new accident causation model developed. This, in turn, will be modified on the basis of subsequent evidence. 

It was concluded from the analysis that blowdown response time was affected more by the attitude of the platform personnel toward the system than the reaction times of the system components. Therefore the implementation of semi or fully automatic blowdown on the platforms would not necessarily enhance performance unless the workers had support in terms of philosophy, training, procedures, and hardware reliability. 

The CPA is supposed to be a simple and inexpensive way to calculate the electronic structure of alloys, and it is not consistent with the philosophy to use a massive order-N method like the LSMS to generate potentials for it. At the present time, no alternative method has been conclusively demonstrated to produce such good potentials. A method that has been suggested very recently seems very promising.It provides a method for calculating both Uailoy and Uc. 

Copenhagen in 1803 and applied to the university for a position as professor of physics, then called natural philosophy, but was refused. He continued lecturing at the university in the schools of medicine and pharmaceuticals, and at the same time managed the pharmacy, carried on electrochemical experiments, and published his results. In 1806 he was finally made a professor of physics at the University, although he not become a full professor until 1817. 

The result of ineffective maintenance management represents a loss of more than 60 billion dollars each year. Perhaps more important is the fact that our ineffective management of maintenance dramatically impacts our ability to manufacture quality products that are competitive in the world market. The loss of production time and product quality that results from poor or inadequate maintenance management has had a dramatic impact on our ability to compete with Japan and other countries that have implemented more advanced manufacturing and maintenance management philosophies. 

In many ways, May s sentiment echoes the basic philosophy behind the study of CA, the elementary versions of which, as we have seen, are among the simplest conceivable dynamical systems. There are indeed many parallels and similarities between the behaviors of discrete-time dissipative dynamical systems and generic irreversible CA, not the least of which is the ability of both to give rise to enormously complicated behavior in an attractive fashion. In the subsections below, we introduce a variety of concepts and terminology in the context of two prototypical discrete-time mapping systems the one-dimensional Logistic map, and the two-dimensional Henon map. 

When we have been faced with a problem of effecting a chemical synthesis we have sought known methods. We have not paused to think why we do not invent a new method every time. If we adopt this philosophy we are going to be extremely busy till the end of the century (a) trying to equal the enzymes, and (b) thinking of new ways of synthesis. ... 

As to the general issue of reduction, chemists would do well to consider the work of philosophers of science, who have for some time renounced the notion that any particular branch of science may be strictly reduced to a more basic science. The classic work giving conditions for strict reduction is by Nagel (53), and several detailed criticisms of his views have been published (54, 55). More recently there appears to be a partial return to reductionism under the guise of supervenience . Chemistry is said to supervene over physics even though it cannot be shown to be strictly reducible in the sense of Nagel. Whether supervenience represents merely a hope and whether it holds any explanatory power is the focus of much current work in philosophy (56-58). 

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