Thyroid gland dried

Materials Required Thyroid gland dried 1.0 g anhydrous potassium carbonate 17.0 g bromine solution (9.6 ml of Br2 and 30 g of KBr in 100 ml DW) 7.0 ml dilute phosphoric acid (10% w/v) 42.0 ml starch iodide paper phenol solution (saturated solution of phenol in water) 5.0 ml potassium iodide solution (10% w/v in water) 0.01 N sodium thiosulphate solution starch solution. 

It is evident from the above equation that each gram-atomic weight of iodine in thyroid is converted to 1 mol of iodate and finally to 3 mol or 6 equivalent of iodine. Therefore, the equivalent weight of the iodine present in the dried thyroid gland is 21.15 g (i.e., 1/6 x 127 At. wt. of I2). Hence, each millilitre of 0.01 N sodium thiosulphate is equivalent to 0.0002115 g of iodine (i.e., 0.01 x 0.02115 g). 

Thyroid USP (Thymr, Thyroid Strong, S-P-T) is derived from dried and defatted thyroid glands of domestic an-... 

Nondietary sources of cyanide include sodium nitro-prusside (a hypotensive agent), succinonitrile (an antidepressant agent), acrylonitrile (used in the plastic industry and as a fumigant to kill dry-wood termites), and tobacco smoke. Chronic exposure to cyanogenic compounds leads to toxic manifestations such as demyelination, lesions of the optic nerves, ataxia (failure of muscle coordination), and depressed thyroid functions. This last effect arises from accumulation of thiocyanate, the detoxified product of cyanide in the body (see below). Thiocyanate inhibits the active uptake of iodide by the thyroid gland and, therefore, the formation of thyroid hormones (Chapter 33). 

Thyroid. Tirotdina Thyradin Thyrocrine. Thyroid gland of domesticated animals that are used as food by man, freed from connective tissue and fat, dried and powdered. Contains not less than 0.17% and not over 0.23% iodine in thyroid combination. ] part — approx 5 parts fresh gland. Chemistry and physiology Rawson er of.. The Hormones vnl. Ill (Academic Press, New York, 1955) pp 433-519. 

Kelp and kombu contain the element iodine (0.14-0.44% dry weight) (Dawczynski et al. 2007 Teas et al. 2004). Iodine idiosyncrasy, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid toxicity have been indicated as possible side effects after long-term, uncontrolled use of iodine-containing products, such as kelp, bull kelp, or kombu (Wichtl 2004). Excessive consumption of iodine can lead to goiter (swelling of the thyroid gland) (Baker 2004 Pennington 1990). 

Prior to the synthetic preparation of thyroxine, hypothyroidism was treated with extracts of dried thyroid glands from animals. Standardisation was however not easy, and the use of these nutritional supplements caused occasionally serious side-effects. Industrial manufacturing of the pure hormone began around 60 years ago. Its synthetic challenges consist in the formation of the diphenyl ether linkage and the iodination of the aromatic rings. [89]... 

L-Thyroxine was isolated in 1919 by KendaU from the thyroid gland and its molecular formula was reported as C11H10NO3I3. On the other hand, Harington obtained it from the dried thyroid gland of +++++++ in a yield of 0.125%, and reported the molecular formula as C15H11NO4I4 [2]. 

Although thyroid slices of hyperthyroid patients take up iodine more quickly than normal thyroid slices, the total iodine content of the thyroid gland (1.8 mg/g of dry weight in normal individuals) is consideraWy reduced in hyperthyroidism (0.26 mg/g of dry weight). The reduction affects both inorganic and organic iodine, but when all iodinated compounds in the thyroid are analyzed, thyroxine seems to be the compound most reduced in hyperthyroidism. 

Iodine is a trace mineral needed by the body in only very small quantities. It is used in the synthesis of a hormone that regulates basal metabolic rate. Its deficiency results in goiter, a condition in which the thyroid gland swells as it tries to capture as many iodine particles as possible. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy can result in severe retardation of the developing baby. Iodine is readily available in iodized salt, seafood, and milk. The addition of iodine to salt has all but eliminated the effects of its deficiency in developed countries. The DRI for iodine is 150 pig/day, provided by about one-half teaspoon of iodized salt. 

The pyridine (dihydropyridine) derived amino acid P-(3-hydroxy-4-pyridon-l-yl)-L-alanine, L-mimosine (2-62), is thyreotoxic (causes over-activity of the thyroid gland) to nonruminant animals. It occurs in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family Fabaceae, in plants of the genera Mimosa and Leucaena. Leucaena leucocephala (syn. Mimosa glauca) is native to the tropical and subtropical Americas, known as White Leadtree, and is used as livestock fodder. The mimosine content in seeds can reach up to 5% of dry matter (see Section 10.3.2.7.1). The amino acid pyridosine arising from lysine in the Maillard reaction can also be considered a dihydropyridine derivative (see Section 4.7.5.12.3). 

Goats and sheep fed only 600 pg added iodine/kg feed (i.e., grain dry matter equivalent) had thyroid iodine concentrations in the range 900-1300 pg/g gland, with no differences between the dams and their kids and lambs, respectively (Groppel et ai, 1989). 

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