Threshold field table

This equation was found to describe the laser-induced breakdown of gases, liquids, and solids provided the experimental parameters as pulse duration, focal volume, and temperature of the material were taken into account in the evaluation of the threshold field. In Table 3, data obtained from Equation 47 and experimental data are compared. 

Table 2. The effect of an ether linkage position on the threshold field strength.

Table 7.4 Oi dor of phase transition and threshold probabilities versus space dimension for rules R, ...Rn, as determined by mean-field theory and numerical calculation ([bidaux89a], [bidaux89b]).

In table 1 some results from this study (2) of odour reduction are presented. The thresholds are mean values expressed as log dilution factors. Standard deviations are calculated on the averages of doubled ED-50 values, each value based on the reports of six observers at a time. As can be seen, incorporation of the manure largely reduced the emission of odour from the field. This mainly concerns the injection techniques, which in some cases reduced the odour to the background level. Conventional tillage implements such as a plow or a disc harrow also reduced the odour emission considerably. 

Heagle and associates found a reduction in yield of sweet com and soybean after exposure to ozone at 0.10 ppm for 6 h/day over much of the growing season. These exposures were carried out in field chambers set over soybean plots in the field. They suggested that a threshold for measurable effects on these crops would lie between ozone (oxidant) concentrations of 0.05 and 0.10 ppm for 6 h/day. These values are realistic in terms of growing-season averages in the eastern United States. More of these studies could help to clarify dose-response relationships for economically important crops. Table 11-5 summarizes these long-term, chronic studies. 

In Table V available evidence on the threshold of biological excitation phenomena is summarized for various fields. In cardiology, extended experience exists with pacemakers and threshold values range about 0.1-10 mA/cm, depending on electrode size and... 

ER already quoted in Table IV. The dashed curves establish threshold particle relationships somewhat similar to those resulting from a consideration of field-generated forces. Hence, it may at times be difficult to separate biological effects due to field-generated forces from those due to induced high membrane potentials. 

Table 3 [45] compares EL characteristics of the devices fabricated using P-6. As alluded above, existence of a hole-transporting layer (copper phtahlocyanin CuPc) [46,47] and an electron-transporting layer (tris(8-hydroxyquino-lino)aluminum jAlqj) [48,49] in the device and utilization of the low work function Li (Al Li alloy) [50] cathode can indeed improve the LED efficiency. The Alq3 layer, however, tends to increase the threshold electric field. 

Three factors determine how much brine can be disposed of in a field, assuming that the brine does not contain boron. The first factor is the type of crop crown. Different crops tolerate different levels of salt. For example, some clovers are extremely sensitive to salt, while some grasses, like tall fescue, are quite tolerant (Table 11.2). The second factor is the CEC of the soil. A soil with a CEC of 10 meq 100 g-1 can tolerate approximately 460 lb of sodium per acre (10% of CEC) before it reaches its critical toxicity threshold. However, a soil with a CEC of 20 meq 100 g 1 can tolerate up to 920 lb of sodium per acre before it reaches its critical threshold. The third factor is the texture of the soil. A sandy soil can take very little sodium chloride salt before it... 

The percolation probability (q) for the lattice models is defined as the probability that a given site (or bond) belongs to an infinite open cluster (47). It is fundamental to percolation theory that there exists a critical value qc of q such that 9(q) = 0 3t q < qc, and (q) > 0 if > qc. The value qc is called the critical probability or the percolation threshold. Mathematical methods of calculating this threshold are so far restricted to two dimensions, consistent with the experience in the field of phase transitions that three-dimensional problems in general cannot be solved exactly (12,13). Almost all quantitative information available on the percolation properties of specific lattices has come from Monte Carlo calculations on finite specimens (8,11,12). In particular. Table I summarizes exactly and approximately known percolation thresholds for the most important two- and three-dimensional lattices. For the bond problem, the data presented in Table I support the following well-known empirical invariant (8)... 

Some of the above methods can be miniaturized, and the instrumentation can be adapted for use in field situations (see Section 4 of this book (Potential Use of Screening Methods and Performance Evaluation)), and some can be used only in the laboratory. In the former case a spot sample can be taken, processed and analysed in the field without the need for sample preservation, transport, or storage. Since many of these methods are rapid, they can provide either quantitative (concentration) or qualitative (above or below a threshold) data on water quality in a time-scale that enables a timely and appropriate response (for instance in the case of an accidental spillage) or the rapid mapping of water quality in a wide area. Table 1.3.3 shows the main classes of chemical priority substances and the different methods that can be used for their analysis. 

Table I lists the decay constants, X, obtained for the different concentrations of the monomers studied. These Xs are the average of the left and right values obtained for each concentration (11). Though statistical errors range from 5% to 17%, experimental irreproducibilities in target geometry, field homogeneity, detector thresholds, muon beam asymmetry and background result in a more probable error of 25% ( ). This level of reproducibility is quite reasonable when compared to rate constants obtained by competitive rate techniques and direct physical methods.

Table 8.2 Field effect hole mobilities //, threshold voltages Fj, and channel lengths L of the samples A to F (see Table 1). The values were determined according to method A. denotes the thermal activation energy of the field effect mobility determined from the slopes of the plots in Figure 8.8.

For OFETs, stored at dark ambient atmosphere for a longer period of time without an applied bias field, the threshold shifted in the negative direction [42]. Regarding Table 18.3 and Figure 18.4, the influence of water seems to dominate the degradation of the OFETs in comparison with an oxygen atmosphere. 

Click the filter create button to display a list of the fields and filter options available for the phastConsElements table. To set up a filter that returns only those records that meet or exceed a minimum transformed lod score, select the >= option from the pull-down menu to the right of the score field, then type in a score between 0 and 1000 (e.g., 500). This sets a minimum threshold for the score data, similar to the Genome Browser filter set up in Subheading 3.4., step 5. Click the submit button to activate the filter and return to the main Table Browser page (see Note 15). 

To view the data saved in the loaded custom track, select the Custom Tracks option from the top of the group menu on the main Table Browser page. Select the newly created custom track and table from the track and table menus. Select the all fields from selected table option, erase the file name (if present) in the output file box, then click get output . Note that, as expected, all the conservation scores in the custom track exceed the threshold set in the filter in step 4. 

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