Tillage implements

In table 1 some results from this study (2) of odour reduction are presented. The thresholds are mean values expressed as log dilution factors. Standard deviations are calculated on the averages of doubled ED-50 values, each value based on the reports of six observers at a time. As can be seen, incorporation of the manure largely reduced the emission of odour from the field. This mainly concerns the injection techniques, which in some cases reduced the odour to the background level. Conventional tillage implements such as a plow or a disc harrow also reduced the odour emission considerably. 

Table 3.8 Suitability of various tillage implements for non-chemical weed regulation (Dierauer...

Botto, J.F., Scopel, A.L., Ballare, C.L. and Sanchez, R.A. 1998. The effect of light during and after soil cultivation with different tillage implements on weed seedling emergence. Weed Science 46(3) 351-357. 

Researchers working for the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station developed the stubble-mulch or crop residue mulch practice, a highly effective method of soil erosion control (Douley and Russel, 1939). Stubble mulching used subsurface tillage implements that left crop residues on the soil surface and provided some protection against wind and water erosion (Zingg and Whitfield, 1957). 

Thompson, Jr., L.T. Skroch, W.A. Beasley, E.O. Pesticide Incorporation Distribution of Dye by Tillage Implements North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service Raleigh, 1981, 32 p. 

Use of butylate and EPTC required mechanical incorporation into the soil. Beginning in the 1970s and 1980s, there was a steady increase in the implementation of conservation tillage practices. Although the thiocarbamates had... 

Triazine herbicides have been important tools in the development and implementation of conservation tillage systems. Postemergence and residual activity, low vapor pressure, weak adsorption to surface crop residue, root uptake, broad weed control spectrum, and crop safety make these herbicides compatible with the high crop residue conditions of conservation tillage. 

Tillage operations in connection with the stubble-mulch system are ordinarily kept to the minimum necessary to prepare a suitable seedbed, and to keep weeds under control. Usually the sweep or blade is used for lifting the soil initially and killing the weeds. It operates at depths of up to six inches with subsequent tillages with various implements at lesser depths. Draft requirements for the sweep cultivator are usually about 70—80% as great as for the moldboard plow operating at the same depth. 

Implementation of crop rotation and tillage alone does not prevent the occurrence of pests on the field. If additional mechanical operations are not sufficient, not wanted for economic or environmental reasons or not possible because of... 

The main implements used for tillage are described below. 

Crambe could be cultivated as a cover crop. The decomposition and nutrient release from crop residues of crambe in the implementation of no-tillage system has been reported. Heinz et al. (2011) have reported that the kinetics of residue decomposition in crambe were similar to those of nutrient release with an initial rapid phase followed by a slower one. K, P, and Mg are released more quickly for subsequent crops, while the increased speed of nutrients release occurred around 15 days after the biomass management. Due to a high content of glucosinolates, crambe could also be used as a crop for biofumigation. 

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