Score data

The previous sections in this chapter are applicable when we are dealing with means. As noted earlier these parameters are relevant when we have continuous, count or score data. With binary data we will be looking to construct confidence intervals for rates or proportions plus differences between those rates. 

As an example, when determining a solvent s environmental waste score, data are obtained to first score the solvent based on its environmental performance or impacts when it is incinerated, recycled, or undergoes biotreatment. A fourth score is calculated based on the solvent s VOC emissions when handled or used in a process. Some of the data used to determine the basic impact scores include solvent physical property data, waste generation estimations, and ease of operability (in the case of treatment methods). The geometric mean of the four impact area scores yields the environmental waste score. The scores are calculated on a l-to-4 scale and subsequently normalized on a 1-to-lO scale. 10 represents the greenest score and 1 is the least green score for this method [9]. 

To obtain an accurate score, a sufficient number of species for a given location are required. Wolfe estimated that at least 20 species are necessary to infer climate parameters reliably. This is supported by Povey et al. (1994) and by considering possible sources of error in the score data and comparing the error to some measure of information content in the data. 

Jacobsson, M., Liden, P., Stjernschantz, E., Bostrom, H., Norinder, U. Improving Structure-based Virtual Screening by Multivariate Analysis of Scoring Data./. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 5781-5789. 

M Jacobsson, P Liden, E Stjemschantz, H Bostrom, U Norinder (2003) Improving Structure-Based Virtual Screening by Multivariate Analysis of Scoring Data, J Med Chem 46(26) 5781—5789... 

Jacobsson M, Liden P, Stjernschantz E, Bostrom H, Norinder U. Improving structure-based virtual screening by multivariate analysis of scoring data. J Med Chem 2003 46 5781-9. 

Fig. 5. The UCSC Table Browser, set up to display score data from the Conservation track. Click the Help link in the top menu bar to view the Table Browser User s Guide. A brief summary of the Table Browser controls can be found at the bottom of the page (not shown).

Click the filter create button to display a list of the fields and filter options available for the phastConsElements table. To set up a filter that returns only those records that meet or exceed a minimum transformed lod score, select the >= option from the pull-down menu to the right of the score field, then type in a score between 0 and 1000 (e.g., 500). This sets a minimum threshold for the score data, similar to the Genome Browser filter set up in Subheading 3.4., step 5. Click the submit button to activate the filter and return to the main Table Browser page (see Note 15). 

Danish mathematician George Rasch developed the Rasch model (5). Researchers can use the Rasch model to develop tests and surveys, monitor the quality of survey or test data, improve test or survey items, and calculate an equal interval total score for both test takers and survey respondents. When researchers evaluate data using parametric statistical tests (e.g., t-test, ANOVA), they assume that score data is " equal interval. We can use the Rasch analysis software to convert non-equal interval data into equal interval data. In recent years, evaluators have used the Rasch model for large-scale, assessment projects such as the evaluation of reform in the Chicago Public Schools (6)... 

By conducting a Rasch analysis of basic test (or survey) data, researchers can quickly convert possibly non-equal interval raw data to interval data. To best understand this issue, consider the following Sarah completes a test and earns 95/100, while Pam emis 90/100. The difference between Sarah and Pam may not necessarily be the same as the difference between Tom who earns 50/100 and Henry who scores 55/100. Although the differences (5 points in each case) between the raw scores are the same, the raw score at different parts of the scale may not have die same substantive meaning. Rasch analysis software can be easily used to convert the possibly non-interval raw score data of tests and surveys to an interval scale, and it is that data which is used for statistical analyses. 

The test enclosure (77 by 74 by 30 cm) had two chambers separated from each other by a solid metal partition. The front chamber (45 by 74 cm) was connected to the rear chamber (32 by 74 cm) by a small opening (5 by 5 cm) to allow passage of the female vole. Males were tethered in the front chamber such that a female could interact with either male without physical interference from the opposing male. The rear chamber was a neutral chamber. Food and water were provided ad libitum to each male and in the rear chamber. A long photoperiod of 14L 10D and ambient temperature of 24 2°C was maintained throughout the experiment. Each trio of voles was monitored for 84 h. As the videotapes are reviewed, the duration of all physical contacts between a female and each stimulus male and occurrences of copulation are scored for hours 40 to 75, a time period when females are expected to have achieved estrous and to have pair-bonded. To date, we have scored data for seven females. 

Fig. 14.2a-d. Induction and repair of DSBs after X-irradia-tion. a Variation of the initial number of DSBs in normal human fibroblasts and tumor cells as detected by CFGE b correlation between the initial number of DSBs and cellular sensitivity (SF2) in human tumor cells (data are from El-Awady et al. 2003) e repair kinetics of DSBs in normal human fibroblasts detected either by CFGE or by y-H2AX foci scoring (data for... 

The fundamentals of music information retrieval derive from text retrieval. In both cases, you are faced with a corpus of unstractured data. For music, these include time-domain samples from audio files and score data from the compositions. Tasks normally involve extracting readable featnres from the input and then developing a model from the features. In fact, music data are so unstructured that most music-retrieval tasks began as blind roulette wheel predictions Is this audio file rock or classical (Tzanetakis and Cook, 2002) or Does this song sound like this one (Foote, 1997). 

Percentile is a rank ordering of the raw score data on a scale of 100 such that the 50th percentile is the middle of the distribution of raw score data. 

Open tJie MS Excel file that contains the Raw and Norm sheets/tabs (Snbheading 3.2, step 2), and create a new sheet/ tab within that MS Excel file, naming it PCA . To transfer the scores data obtained from R to MS Excel, first open the scores.txt file in a text editor. At the beginning of the document, add a column header such as Compound followed by a tab (Fig. 8). Next, copy all of the text in the file and paste it into the MS Excel sheet/tab named PCA . Change the number format (Format >Cells...) of the PCA cells to three decimal places. 

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