Three-dimensional polymers morphology

According to Ref. [12], template for synthesis of nanomaterials is defined as a central structure within which a network forms in such a way that removal of this template creates a filled cavity with morphological or stereochemical features related to those of the template. The template synthesis was applied for preparation of various nanostructures inside different three-dimensional nanoporous structures. Chemically, these materials are presented by polymers, metals, oxides, carbides and other substances. Synthetic methods include electrochemical deposition, electroless deposition, chemical polymerization, sol-gel deposition and chemical vapor deposition. These works were reviewed in Refs. [12,20]. An essential feature of this... 

Recent developments have allowed for more detailed studies of polymer surface morphology by ESCA. Angle-resolved ESCA (ARXPS) allows for providing chemical compositions from shallower depths. By varying the angle of incidence different depths can be probed, and procedures have been developed to arrive at three-dimensional reconstruction of the surface. An example is shown in Figure 2, where a PVC/PMMA polymer blend has been analysed using such an approach [9]. 

Lignin in the true middle lamella of wood is a random three-dimensional network polymer comprised of phenylpropane monomers linked together in different ways. Lignin in the secondary wall is a nonrandom two-dimensional network polymer. The chemical structure of the monomers and linkages which constitute these networks differ in different morphological regions (middle lamella vs. secondary wall), different types of cell (vessels vs. fibers), and different types of wood (softwoods vs. hardwoods). When wood is delignified, the properties of the macromolecules made soluble reflect the properties of the network from which they are derived. 

Discussion - The morphological properties of active fillers are important aspects of rubber reinforcement. The structure of the reinforcing filler is characterized by aggregates of primary particles, which form cavities for attachment and penetration of polymer molecules. The SEM pictures show that the three-dimensional morphology is basically maintained. 

The possibility of controlling the morphology of the product is relevant, especially in the forms of bio-polymer preparations and controlled delivery systems. Polymeric microparticles, fibers, or three-dimensional networks can be produced by tuning the operating variables. 

There have been attempts to relate the assumed nodular morphology with the physical properties of networks (Labana et al., 1971). This point is important, because if crosslinked polymers are considered as homogeneous three-dimensional structures, their ultimate properties can be related to the properties of such a continuum. On the other hand, if they are inhomogeneous, the supramolecular structure shown in Fig. 7.1 provides a more fruitful approach to interpreting of macroscopic properties. 

The hb-PAEs of hb-P13 and hb-P15 contain NLO-active azo-functionalities, which are soluble, film-forming, and morphologically stable (Tg > 180 °C). Their poled films exhibited high SHG coefficients ( 33 up to 177pm/V), thanks to the chromophore-separation and site-isolation effects of the hyperbranched structures of the polymers in the three-dimensional space (Table 5) [28]. The optical nonlinearities of the poled films of the polymers are thermally stable with no drop in d33 observable when heated to 152 °C (Fig. 8), due to the facile cross-linking of the multiple acetylenic triple bonds in the hb-PAEs at moderate temperatures (e.g., 88 °C). 

SEM, as others surface-based methods such as scanning probe microscopy (SPM), or more specifically atomic force microscopy (AFM), generally only shows the surface or a cross-section of the three-dimensional arrangement of the CNTs in the polymer matrix. However, the team of Loos et al. has shown that conventional SEM is able to provide (pseudo) three-dimensional morphological... 

---