Three dimensional multilayer structure

The CgQ surface coverage was determined to be 2.0 10 mol cm . The monolayer can be further modified with monomeric amine reagents, which demonstrates the potential of the self-assembly process for growing three-dimensional fullerene structures. Different surfaces such as quartz. Si-oxide [105] or ITO [102] were coated with multilayers of fullerene up to stacks of 9 layers. An imidirectional electron transfer is possible across the fullerene mulhlayers [102]. Not only can multiple layers of fullerenes be connected to a certain surface but amino-functionalized can also serve as a linker between two different surfaces. 3-Aminopropyl-tethered glass plates could be linked via a Cgg layer to 3-aminopropyl covered zeolite crystals [106]. 

Eriksson, S., Berglin, L., Gunnarsson, E., Guo, L., Lindhohn, H., Sandsjd, L., 2011. Three-dimensional multilayer fabric structures for interactive textiles. In Proceedings to the 3rd World Conference on 3D Fabrics and Their Applications, Wuhan, China, pp. 63-67. Gibson, L.J., Ashby, M.F., 1999. Cellular Solids Structure and Properties, second ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 

Attaching the catalyst molecules to the electrode surface presents an obvious advantage for synthetic and sensor applications. Catalysis can then be viewed as a supported molecular catalysis. It is the object of the next section. A distinction is made between monolayer and multilayer coatings. In the former, only chemical catalysis may take place, whereas both types of catalysis are possible with multilayer coatings, thanks to their three-dimensional structure. Besides substrate transport in the bathing solution, the catalytic responses are then under the control of three main phenomena electron hopping conduction, substrate diffusion, and catalytic reaction. While several systems have been described in which electron transport and catalysis are carried out by the same redox centers, particularly interesting systems are those in which these two functions are completed by two different molecular systems. 

Nano structural materials are divided into three main types one-dimensional structures (more commonly known as multilayers) made of alternate thin layers of different composition, two-dimensional structures (wire-type elements suspended within a three-dimensional matrix), and three-dimensional constructs, which may be made of a distribution of fine particles suspended within a matrix (in either periodic or random fashion) or an aggregate of two or more phases with a nanometric grain size (these are illustrated in Fig. 17.1). 

The multilayer nanocomposite films containing layers of quasi-spherical Fe nanoparticles (d — 5.8 nm) separated by dielectric layers from boron nitride (BN) are synthesized by the repeated alternating deposition of BN and Fe onto a silicon substrate [54]. In this work the authors managed to realize the correlation in the arrangement of Fe nanoparticles between the layers the thin BN layer deposited on the Fe layer has a wave-like relief, on which the disposition of Fe nanoparticles is imprinted as a result, the next Fe layer deposited onto BN reproduces the structure of the previous Fe layer. Thus, a three-dimensional ordered system of the nanoparticles has been formed on the basis of the initial ordered Fe nanoparticle layer deposited on silicon substrate [54]. The analogous three-dimensional structure composed of the Co nanoparticles layers, which alternate the layers of amorphous A1203, has been obtained by the PVD method [55]. 

Electrostatic assembly, which involves attractive forces between two oppositely charged entities (polymers, nanoparticles, and substrates), has been proposed in the pioneering work of Her for the assembly of two- and three-dimensional structures.22 The LbL assembly of charged polyelectrolytes was later reported by Decher et al. for the fabrication of multilayer films of polyelectrolytes.10 23 Their technique is based on the consecutive adsorption of polyanions and polycations from dilute aqueous solutions onto a charged substrate (Fig. 13.2). 

These results show that by using multilayers of alternating polyelectrolytes, predictable and well-defined surface structures can be obtained, provided that the coating conditions and environmental conditions such as humidity are controlled. A substantial amount of information about the three-dimensional structure of the films is obtained and, although the structures cannot be defined with atomic precision, their compositions are well-defined in general terms. 

---