Three-dimensional colloidal crystal

Yan QF, Chen A, Chua SJ, Zhao XS (2005) Incorporation of point defects into self-assembled three-dimensional colloidal crystals. Adv Mater 17 2849 Megens M, Wijnhoven J, Lagendijk A, Vos WL (1999) Fluorescence lifetimes and linewidths of dye in photonic crystals. Phys Rev A 59 4727... 

Y. Lu, Y. Yin, and Y. Xia Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals with Non-Spherical Colloids as Building Blocks. Adv. Mater. 13, 415 (2001). 

An inkjet printing of colloidal crystals was proposed by Frese et describing inkjet printing processes of monodispersed particles which are able to form two- or three-dimensional photonic crystals on the substrate surface by arranging in a closely packed lattice structure on the surface. The particle size was selected so that it will diffract light in the visible spectral region, i.e., particle size of 200-500 nanometers. In this work drop-on-demand inkjet printing techniques are utilized. 

T. Kawasaki and H. Tanaka, Structural origin of dynamic heterogeneity in three-dimensional colloidal glass formers and its link to crystal nucleation. J. Phys. Condens. MatterZZ, 232102 (2010). 

Imhof A (2003) Three-dimensional photonic crystals made from colloids. In Liz-Marzan LM, Kamat PV (eds) Nanoscale Materials. Kluwer Academic, Boston, MA, pp 423-454... 

Fan S., Villeneuve P.R., Meade R.D., Joannopoulos J.D. Design of three-dimensional photonic crystals at submicron lengthscale. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1994 65 1466-1468 Fink Y., Winn J.N., Fan S., Chen C., Michel J., Joannopoulos J.D., Thomas E.L. A dielectric omnidirectional reflector. Science 1998 282 1679-1682 Fukuda K., Sun H., Matsuo S., Misawa H. Self-organizing three-dimensional colloidal photonic crystal structure with augmented dielectric contrast. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1998 37 L508-L511... 

Subramania G., Constant K., Biswas R., Sigalas M.M., Ho K.M. Inverse face-centered cubic thin film photonic crystals. Adv. Mater. 2001 13 443-446 Sun H.B., Matsuo S., Misawa H. Three-dimensional photonic crystal structures achieved with two-photon-absorption photopolymerization of resin. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1999 74 786-788 Sun H.B., Song I., Xu Y., Matsuo S., Misawa H., Du G., Liu S. Growth and property characterizations of photonic crystal structures consisting of colloidal microparticles. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 2000a 17 476-480... 

Ye Y.H., LeBlanc F., Hache A., Truong V.V. Self-assembling three-dimensional colloidal photonic crystals structure with high crystalline quality. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001 78 52-54 Yoshinaga K., Chiyoda M., Ishiki H., Okubo T. Colloidal crystallization of monodisperse and polymer-modified colloidal silica in organic solvents. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 2002 204 285-293... 

Yan, Q., Wang, L., and Zhao, X. S. 2007. Artificial defect engineering in three-dimensional colloidal photonic crystals. Adv. Funct. Mater. 17 3695-3706. 

Chapter 8 presents evidence on how the physical properties of colloidal crystals organized by self-assembly in two-dimensional and three-dimensional superlattices differ from those of the free nanoparticles in dispersion. 

Sadakane, M., Asanuma, T., Kubo, J. et al. (2005) Facile procedure to prepare three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) perovskite-type mixed metal oxides by colloidal crystal templating method, Chem. Mater. 17, 3546. 

The porous membrane templates described above do exhibit three-dimensionality, but with limited interconnectedness between the discrete tubelike structures. Porous structures with more integrated pore—solid architectures can be designed using templates assembled from discrete solid objects or su-pramolecular structures. One class of such structures are three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (or 3-DOM) solids, which are a class of inverse opal structures. The design of 3-DOM structures is based on the initial formation of a colloidal crystal composed of monodisperse polymer or silica spheres assembled in a close-packed arrangement. The interconnected void spaces of the template, 26 vol % for a face-centered-cubic array, are subsequently infiltrated with the desired material. 

Lack of steady flow of a liquid-bearing colloidal solution requires the existence of a space-filling, three-dimensional structure. As we might select a perfect crystal as a csuionical solid, or liquid argon as a prototypical liquid, we csui choose the covalently crosslinked network, without any entanglements, to represent the ideal gel state. Then an appropriate time scale for reversible gels would be the lifetime of a typical crosslink bond if subjected to conditions that would cause flow in a pure... 

Owing to the simphcity and versatility of surface-initiated ATRP, the above-mentioned AuNP work may be extended to other particles for their two- or three-dimensionally ordered assemblies with a wide controllabiUty of lattice parameters. In fact, a dispersion of monodisperse SiPs coated with high-density PMMA brushes showed an iridescent color, in organic solvents (e.g., toluene), suggesting the formation of a colloidal crystal [108]. To clarify this phenomenon, the direct observation of the concentrated dispersion of a rhodamine-labeled SiP coated with a high-density polymer brush was carried out by confocal laser scanning microscopy. As shown in Fig. 23, the experiment revealed that the hybrid particles formed a wide range of three-dimensional array with a periodic structure. This will open up a new route to the fabrication of colloidal crystals. 

FIG. 13.4 Stereo pairs of colloidal dispersions generated using computer simulations, (a) Polystyrene latex particles at a volume fraction of 0.13 with a surface potential of 50 mV. The 1 1 electrolyte concentration is 10 7 mol/cm3. The structure shown is near crystallization. (The solid-black and solid-gray particles are in the back and in the front, respectively, in the three-dimensional view.) (b) A small increase in the surface potential changes the structure to face-centered cubic crystals. (Redrawn with permission from Hunter 1989.)... 

Another important method for photonic crystal fabrication employs colloidal particle self-assembly. A colloidal system consists of two separate phases a dispersed phase and a continuous phase (dispersion medium). The dispersed phase particles are small solid nanoparticles with a typical size of 1-1000 nanometers. Colloidal crystals are three-dimensional periodic lattices assembled from monodispersed spherical colloids. The opals are a natural example of colloidal photonic crystals that diffract light in the visible and near-infrared (IR) spectral regions due to periodic modulation of the refractive index between the ordered monodispersed silica spheres and the surrounding matrix. 

Ordered macroporous materials (OMMs) are a new family of porous materials that can be synthesized by using colloidal microspheies as the template. - The most unique characteristics of OMMs are their uniformly sized macropores arranged at micrometer length scale in three dimensions. Colloidal microspheres (latex polymer or silica) can self assemble into ordered arrays (synthetic opals) with a three-dimensional crystalline structure. The interstices in the colloidal crystals are infiltrated with a precursor material such as metal alkoxide. Upon removal of the template, a skeleton of the infiltrated material with a three-dimensionally ordered macroporous structure (inverse opals) is obtained. Because of the 30 periodicity of the materials, these structures have been extensively studied for photonic applications. In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of highly ordered macroporous materials with various compositions and functionalities (silica, organosilica, titana, titanosilicate, alumina) are presented. The application potential of OMMS in adsorption/separation is analyzed and discussed. 

B. Harke et al.. Three-dimensional nanoscopy of colloidal crystals. Nano Lett. 8(5), 1309-1313 (2008)... 

---