Three-dimensional self-assembly

Hostetler M J, Stokes J J and Murray R W 1996 Infrared speotrosoopy of three-dimensional self-assembled monolayers n-alkanethiolate monolayers on gold oluster oompounds Langmuir M 3604... 

Due to its unique chemical composition and structure, DNA can interact with a plethora of chemical structures via numerous types of bonds. This property ultimately defines the ability of DNA fragments to serve as the building blocks in the complex three-dimensional self-assembled structures. Following we Ust four major types of polymer/DNA interactions that can lead to formation of supramolecular structures ... 

VI. PREDESIGNED THREE-DIMENSIONAL SELF-ASSEMBLY OF PROTEINS CRYSTAL ENGINEERING ... 

J. C. Love, A. R. Urbach, M. G. Prentiss, and G. M. Whitesides, Three-dimensional self-assembly of metallic rods with submicron diameters using magnetic interactions, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 12696-12697 (2003). 

Nanoparticles bearing a so-called three-dimensional self-assembled monolayer (3D-SAM) [136] coating or shell are ideal construction units for programmed, hierarchical self-assembly of larger objects [137]. Several research groups have successfully assembled functionalized nanoparticles into large nanocrystalline arrays... 

Patil, V., Mayya, K. S., Pradhan, S. D., and Sastry, M. (1997). Evidence for Novel Interdigitated Bilayer Formation of Fatty Acids during Three-Dimensional Self-Assembly on Silver Colloidal Particles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 9281-9282. 

SELF-ASSEMBLY IN BULK (THREE-DIMENSIONAL SELF-ASSEMBLY)... 

Carlucci. L. Ciani. G. Moret. M. Proserpio, D.M. Rizzato. S. Polymerie layers eatenated by ribbons of rings in a three-dimensional self-assembled architeeture A... 

Radzilowski, L.H., B.O. Carragher, and S.I. Stupp. 1997. Three-dimensional self-assembly of rod-coil copolymer nanostructures. Macromolecules 30 2110. 

Figure 2 Schematic representation of examples of two-dimensional and three-dimensional self-assemblies.

Hostetler, M., Stokes, J. and Murray, R., Infrared spectroscopy of three-dimensional self-assembled monolayers A-alkanethiolate monolayers on gold cluster compounds, Langmuir, 12, 3604-3612 (1996). 

Chuang, V.P., Cheng, J.Y., Savas, T.A., and Ross, C.A. (2006) Three-dimensional self-assembly of spherieal bloek copolymer domains into V-shaped grooves. Nano Letters, 6,2332. 

For the acene and phene series, the UV-vis and fluorescence spectra shift dramatically when the number of the phenyl rings increases. In contrast, the shifts for all-benzenoid PAHs with either armchair or cove -type edges are small and they show a high chemical stability. Very recently, graphitic molecules with partial zig-zag periphery such as 68a, 68b and 73 (Scheme 3.19) were synthesized. It was found that the introduction of two or six extra re-centers onto the all-benzenoid graphitic molecules dramatically influences their electronic properties, chemical reactivity and two- and three-dimensional self-assembly [64]. 

As the field of coordination-driven self-assembly has progressed and its precepts have become better understood over the years, it seems only reasonable that it would begin to transition from two-dimensional rings to three-dimensional cages. Indeed, this has occurred in earnest. To date, the number and variety of such species have grown so large (3,5,7,8,10,11), that it is beyond the scope of this work to do full justice to the diversity of the field. That said, certain three-dimensional, self-assembled species stand out as prominent contributors to the development of the field. These will be highlighted, as will some of the more recent research endeavors of note. 

Serving as an example of how far the three-dimensional self-assembly motif can go, Stang and co-workers synthesized two of the largest, discrete, self-assembled entities to date a pair of dodecahedra (34). These species were produced via the reaction of twenty equivalents of tris(4-pyridyl)methanol with thirty equivalents of a linear platinum(II)-based, ditopic acceptor (Scheme 10). 

Scheme 10. Three-Dimensional self-assembly of dodecahedral species.

Scheme 11. Three-dimensional self-assembled octahedral species. Adapted from reference 8. Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society.

Figure 5. Three-dimensional self-assembled tetrahedral species. Reproduced from reference 42. Copyright 1998 American Chemical Society.

Scheme 13. Three-dimensional self-assembly of interpenetrated cylinders(note actual synthesis was necessarily one-pot). Adapted from reference 48.

W.S. (2004) Three-dimensional self-assembled monolayer (3D SAM) of n-alkanethiols on copper nanoclusters. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108, 11001-10. 

---