Three-component mixtures schematic

Figure 1.12 Schematic diagram showing the formation of a microporous system by evaporation of a solvent from a three-component mixture exhibiting a miscibility gap at certain conditions of temperature and composition.

Franck [23] demonstrated that methane burns it injected into a mixture of supercritical water and oxygen. Use is made of the complete miscibility of this three-component system above the critical point of water. Engineers were quick to grasp the advantages of such a method of disposing of hazardous organics. A schematic is shown in Fig. 16. 

For ail species moving in a given direction in a coiumn, the solution of this equation wiii indicate that, at that coiumn exit, aii such species wiii appear/exist therefore multicomponent separation is not possibie. Oniy a binary separation is possible with one species moving in the opposite direction in the column and therefore available as a pure species. This is the primary reason why we will see that a countercurrent colutnn used for steady state processes such as distillation, absorption, extraction, crystallization, etc., separates a binary mixture only. For temany mixture separation, two columns are needed. Three columns are employed to separate a four-component mixture (see Chapter 9 for various schematics). However, if a feed sample injection is made, as in elution chromatography, into a mobile phase in countercurrent flow vis-k-vis another mobile phase, transient multicomponent separation would appear to be feasible. If pulse injection of one phctse containing feed is introduced countercurrent to the other phase, it may be possible to achieve a multi-component separation capability (as is tme for cocmrent flow, considered in Section 8.2). 

The schematic phase behaviour of C02 depicted in Figure 8.1 is only valid for the pure compound. The phase behaviour of mixtures is much more complex [6], being a function of composition, and the actual phase diagram can vary considerably even for seemingly similar components. Reaction systems contain at least three substances (substrate, product and catalyst), but in most cases more components are present and a... 

Figure 1.2 Schematic illustration of a three-isotope diagram. The abscissa is any isotope ratio A/ A, the ordinate is another ratio kAPA involving a third isotope in the numerator and the same (reference) isotope in the denominator. The points labeled 1 and 2 represent any two components of distinct composition. The locus of all mixtures of components 1 and 2 is the straight line connecting these points. Point M represents any mixture composition the ratio of the line segment lengths AL and L, measured from 1 to M and from 1 to 2, respectively, is the fractional contribution that component 2 contributes to the reference isotope (illustrated for 65%).

Schematic DRDs are particularly useful in determining the implications of possibly unknown ternary saddle azeotropes by postulating position 7 at interior positions in the temperature profile. Also note that some combinations of binary azeotropes require the existence of a ternary saddle azeotrope. As an example, consider the system acetone (56.4°C), chloroform (61.2°C), and methanol (64.7°C) at 1-atm pressure. Methanol forms minimum-boiling azeotropes with both acetone (54.6°C) and chloroform (53.5°C), and acetone-chloroform forms a maximum-boiling azeotrope (64.5°C). Experimentally there are no data for maximum- or minimum-boiling ternary azeotropes for this mixture. Assuming no ternary azeotrope, the temperature profile for this system is 461325, which from Table 13-18 is consistent with DRD 040 and DRD 042. However, Table 13-18 also indicates that the pure-component and binary azeotrope data are consistent with three temperature profiles involving a ternary saddle azeotrope, namely, 4671325, 4617325, and 4613725. All three of these temperature profiles correspond to DRD 107. Calculated residue curve trajectories for the acetone-chloroform-methanol system at 1-atm pressure, as...

Tucker3 is a three-way model, which does not require low-rank trilinear data structure, nor does it provide pure component spectra from mixtures. A schematic representation of the Tucker3 model can be seen in Fig. 11. 

Eventually the UCST curve will superpose onto the critical mixture curve to give rise to the critical mixture curve that is shown schematically in figure 3. Id. Once again there are two branches of the critical mixture curve. But the branch of the critical mixture curve that starts at the critical point of the less volatile component no longer intersects a region of LLV behavior, as it did for type-III phase behavior. The first P-x diagram is constructed at Tj, a temperature less than the critical temperature of the more volatile component. An isotherm at Tj intersects the vapor pressure curve of the less volatile component, the three-phase LLV line, and the vapor pressure curve of the more volatile component shown in figure 3.7b. 

In Figure 18a the different types of gas-gas equilibria are schematically given for binary mixtures. The critical curve is interrupted and consists of two branches. The branch starting from the critical point of the more volatile component I ends at a critical end point C on the three-phase line LLG where two liquid phases and one gaseous phase are in equilibrium, whereas the branch beginning at the critical point of the less volatile component II either immediately... 

Figure 3 Schematic Illustration showing the successive Improved resolution of a three-dimensional sample mixture comprising dimensions shape , size , and pattern . (A) The ID separates by size, but this leads to poor resolution of pattern and shape (B) adding a shape selective dimension leaves some overlapping pattern components and (C) only the three-dimensional system permits full resolution of all components.

Mesoscopic supramolecular assemblies are also obtainable in organic media from amphiphilic linear networks of complementary hydrogen-bonds. An equimolar mixture of bw-barbituric acid derivative 18 and 1 gave helical superstructures with a minimum width of 50 A (Figure 12(c), note that the components are achiral, but compound 18 displays molecular asymmetry) [86]. The observed thickness corresponds to the three-layered membrane structure schematically depicted in Figure 12(d). Soluble, tapelike supramolecular oligomers can be also prepared, by the covalent preorganization of melamine units [87]. 

Fluid-fluid phase separations have been observed in many binary mixtures at high pressures, including a large number of systems in which helium is one of the components (Rowlinson and Swinton, 1982). Fluid-fluid phase separation may actually be the rule rather than the exception in mixtures of unlike molecules at high pressures. Fig. 6.4 shows the three-dimensional phase behavior of a binary mixture in schematic form. This diagram includes the vapor pressure curves and liquid-vapor critical points of the less volatile component (1) and the more volatile component (2) in their respective constant-x planes. The critical lines are interrupted one branch remains open up to very high temperatures and pressures. Systems that can be represented by a diagram such as Fig. 6.4, those for which the critical lines always have positive slope in the p — T projection, have been called fluid-fluid mixtures of the first kind. A second class of system, in which the critical line first drops to temperatures below T (l) and then increases, exhibit fluid-fluid equilibrium of the second kind. There is, however, no fundamental distinction between these two classes of fluid mixtures. 

On the basis of the relationship between the inhibitor concentration (Ci h) and the corrosion rate (v). Fig. 9-18 demonstrates schematically the antagonistic, additive, and synergistic interactions between two inhibitor compounds for three cases. In a) there is a linear relationship between and V for both inhibitor compounds in b) there is a linear relationship between Cj h and V for inhibitor 1 and a minimal type function (with an optimal inhibitor concentration) between and v for inhibitor 2 and in c) a minimum type function describes the relationship between Cj h and v for both inhibitor compounds. The plots were calculated for the two-component inhibitor mixture when the total concentration of inhibitors was constant. The corrosion rates were related to the value for inhibitor-free solution. 

A study of the phase behavior of water/oil/surfactant systems demonstrated that emulsification can be achieved by three different low energy emulsification methods (A and B as schematically shown in Fig. 2.8). Method A stepwise addition of oil to a water surfactant mixture. Method B stepwise addition of water to a solution of the surfactant in oil. Method C mixing all the components in the final composition, pre-equilibrating the samples prior to emulsification. In these studies, the system water/Brij 30 (polyoxyethlene lauryl ether with an average of 4 moles of ethylene oxide)/decane Wcis chosen as a model to obtain 0/W emulsions. The results showed that nanoemulsions with droplet sizes of the order of 50 nm were formed only when water was added to mixtures of surfactant and oil (method B) whereby inversion from W/0 emulsion to 0/W nanoemulsion occurred. 

The schematic diagram of the CSTR is shown in Fig. 2.6. The inlet stream consists of pure component A with molar concentration, A cooling coil is used to maintain the reaction mixture at the desired operating temperature by removing heat that is released in the exothermic reaction. Our initial CSTR model development is based on three assumptions ... 

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