Thoracic Cage

Increase in the anteroposterior diameter of the thoracic cage (observed as a barrel chest)... 

The X-ray showed something in the wound, perhaps a bomb splinter. Or a piece of coachwork. In short, there was something there inside. Dr Dick thought the splinter was in the chest wall and that it could be extracted by a simple local operation. We had a theatre in the basement for operations of that kind. Dick tried it, but without success. The patient s state called for a full-scale surgical operation one rib was broken, the thoracic cage was open, a bomb splinter was in the spleen, the diaphragm was pierced. 

Make a small cut between the ribs at the right between ribs eight and nine to allow blood to flow out of the thoracic cage into the tray. 

Knowles, J. H., S. K. Hong, and H. Rahn, Possible errors using esophageal balloon in determination of pressure-volume characteristics of the lung and thoracic cage, /. Appl. Physiol., 14 525-530, 1959. 

Alkadhi H, Wildermuth S, Marincek B, Boehm T (2004) Accuracy and time efficiency for the detection of thoracic cage fractures volume rendering compared with transverse computed tomography images. J Comput Assist Tomogr 28(3) 378-385... 

Now that the mechanism of action of vitamin D has been discussed, it will be easier to understand the morbid anatomy and the clinical aspect of rickets [18, 19]. Vitamin D deficiency leads to low calcium absorption through the intestinal tract, and thereby to deficient mineralization of bone matrix. When rickets develops in the young child, all bones soften with typical malformation. The long bones are curved, especially the tibia, which often acquires a saber-blade shape. The thorax is distorted as a result of scoliosis and kyphosis and enlargement of the lower part of the thoracic cage. The pelvic bones are often underdeveloped and lead to narrowing of the pelvic lumen, which may be responsible for dystocia of the female patient. The bones of the skull are soft and flattened and present an appearance described as crania tabes. 

The skin entry site allowing the shortest, most vertical path that avoids bullae, interlobar fissures or pulmonary vessels and bronchi is chosen, allowing for a minimum depth of the electrode inside the thoracic cage to reduce displacement due to breathing, motion or generator cable weight. 

Necrobiotic rheumatoid nodules associated with bronchopleural fistula Pyopneumothorax Thoracic cage immobihty... 

The other bony structures supporting the thoracic cage consist of the clavicle and the sternum. Posteriorly, support is provided by the vertebral column. 

The clavicle is located at the anterosuperior aspect of the thoracic cage. Its medial end articulates with the manubrium and the cartilage of the first rib. Even though the clavicle and its component joints are considered a part of the shoulder in function, it is important during respiration. As the occiput can be considered C., the clavicle can be thought of as Rib,. It must remain mobile during each phase of respiration for the rib cage, especially the first rib. to function properly. 

The shape of the thoracic vertebrae defines the posterior portion of the thoracic cage and much of its motion. The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae have costal facets for articulation with the heads of the ribs. The long, thick, transverse processes have facets on their bulbous tips for articulation with the rib tubercles. 

The major muscle of inspiration is the thoracic diaphragm, which is responsible lor at least sixty percent of the generated thoracic cage pressure change. The muscular portion inserts onto the xiphoid process, the lower six ribs, and the upper lumbar vertebrae. All of these muscular portions converge on the aponeurotic central tendon (Fig. 69-2). 

Palpation and visual observation are used during osteopathic examination. Knowledge of the structure and biomechanics of the area under evaluation is integral to this process. Somatic dysfunctions restrict motion of the thoracic cage and its components. The bucket handle and pump handle movements may be limited when examined at the greatest extent of inspiration and expiration. Asymmetric excursion and difficulty in movement imply restriction of the region examined. 

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