THOR SPECIALITIES

Thor Specialities (UK) Limited, Earl Road, Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire SK8 6QP, UK... 

The work is collaborative with contributions from a consortium comprising the Manchester Metropolitan University, Crosfield U.K., Thor Specialities U.K., Liquid Plastics and the Paint Research Association. 

Cotton Ammonium phosphates are the most effective FRs for cotton as first identified by Gay-Lussac in 1821 and still widely used. All phosphates on heating release phosphoric acid, which catalyses dehydration reactions of cellulose to yield char at the expense of volatiles formation reactions.50 However, ammonium phosphates like mono- or diammonium phosphates are water soluble, hence applicable as nondurable treatments only. Ammonium bromide can be used in combination with ammonium phosphates to provide some vapor-phase FR action. Other examples include borax and boric acid, ammonium sulfamate, and sulfates. These nondurable finishes are useful for disposable fabrics, insulation, wall boards, theatrical scenery, packaging material, paper, etc. Ammonium polyphosphates (APPs) are used in combination with urea to provide semidurable finishes and by curing at 160°C, when some phosphorylation can occur. Semidurable finishes are very useful for materials that may not need frequent washings, e.g., mattresses, drapes, upholstery, carpets, etc. Some commercial examples of semidurable finishes include Flammentin FMB (Thor Specialities), Pyrovatim PBS (Ciba, now marketed by Huntsman), etc.26... 

Thomson-Bertheiot principle phys chem The assumption that the heat released in a chemical reaction is directly related to the chemical affinity, and that, in the absence of the application of external energy, that chemical reaction which releases the greatest heat is favored over others the principle is in general incorrect, but applies in certain special cases. tam san ber te lo, prin-s3-p3l thoria See thorium dioxide. thor e-3 )... 

Other most successful durable treatment is based on tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium derivatives. Very well-known brand marketed as Proban CC (Rhodia, previously Albright Wilson) involves padding of tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC) urea solution onto the cotton fabric, curing with ammonia in a specially designed reactor to generate a highly cross-linked three-dimensional polymer network. The fabric is then treated with hydrogen peroxide, which converts P3+ to the P5+ state. The reactions are shown in Scheme 24.2. Other similar commercial product is Thor s Aflammit P. In literature many combinations of tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium derivatives with other salts have been reported,50 but the most successful so far has been the THPC-urea-NH3 system discussed earlier. 

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