Thiazole orange dye

CE is also potentially a useful alternative analytical tool for monitoring of chemicals (dyes, flame retardants and lubricants) involved in various steps of the textile fibre manufacturing process. In this area, CE compares favourably with existing techniques. CZE-MSn was used for the analysis of sulfonated azo dyes [942]. A variety of fluorescent analytes including thiazole orange dyes have been characterised by CE-FLNS [943]. 

Staerk, D. Hamed, A. A. Pedersen, E. B. Jacobsen, J. P. Bisintercalation of homodimeric thiazole orange dyes in DNA effect of modifying the linker. Bioconjugate Chem. 1997, 8, 869-877. 

Hansen, L. E Jensen, L. K. Jacobsen, J. P. Bis-intercalation of a homodimeric thiazole orange dye in DNA in symmetrical pyrimidine- pjulmidine-purine-purine oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996, 24, 859-867. 

Fig. 7 Structures of the dyes forming aggregates on DNA (a) l-methyI-4-[[3-methyl-2(3//)-benzothiazolylidene]methyl]-quinolinium (Thiazole Orange, TO), (b) 3,3 -diethyIthiadicarbo-cyanine (DiSC2(5)), (c) 3,3 -trimethylammoniopropylthiadicarbocyanine (DiSC3+(5)), (d) 2- [(Z)-2-(2,5-dihydro-2-thienyl)-3 - [3 -methyl-2(3/f)-benzothiazolylidene] -1 -propenyl] -3 -methyl -benzothiazol-3-ium (L-21), (e) 2-[( )-3-[3,7-diethyT6-[( ,2 )-3-(l-ethyl-3,3-dimethyl-3/7-indo-lium-2-yl)-2-propenylidene]-6,7-dihydrothiazolo[5,4-/]benzothiazol-2(3//)-ylidene]-l-propenyl]-l-ethyl-3,3-dimethyl-3//-indolium (BCD), (f) 3-methyl-2-[( )-3-methyl-2-[[3-methyl-2(3/f)-ben-zothiazolylidene]methyl]-l-butenyl]-benzothiazol-3-ium (Cyan ]3iPr)...

Nygren J, Svanvik N, Kubista M (1998) The interactions between the fluorescent dye thiazole orange and DNA. Biopolymers 46 39-51... 

Nucleic acids do not display the same promiscuous chemical reactivity of proteins. Instead, individual synthetic nucleotides can display a unique functional group that can be exploited even more for direct attachment of probes (117). The simplest method of labeling DNA uses high-affinity bis-intercalating dyes such as ethidium bromide, acridine, and thiazole orange monomers... 

UV spectroscopic methods were used to determine equilibrium constants between cyanine dyes (thiazole orange) and nucleic acid <2005JA3339, 2002PCB4838,1999ABI278>, quantification of DNA <1998AEM3238>, and Ru(n), and Ni(ll) complexes containing thiazoles <2003IC8038>. 

The interaction between DNA and the fluorescent dye thiazole orange was studied using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. A drastic fluorescence intensity enhancement (up to 103 times) was observed in the presence of DNA <2003FMA528>. Fluorescence measurement was also used to evaluate the inhibitory potency of 5-(bis(trifluoromethyl)methyl)-2-aminothiazoles <2006JFC(127)1522>. 

E. coli (a thiazole orange intercalating dye was admixed to label the PCR products for fluorescence detection). The thermal cycling device also used printed-ink contact resistors, which allowed heating at 12 °C/s. The system was used to identify... 

When the absorption and / or the emission spectra of a fluorophore possess two or more bands, the Stokes shift will be equal to the difference that separates the two most intense bands of the two spectra (Fig. 2.5). Stokes shift is dependent on the structure of the fluorophore itself and on its environment (the solvent where it is dissolved and / or the molecule to which it is bound. For example, the cyanine dye, thiazole orange (TO) absorbs at 500 nm and emits at 535 nm when it is dissolved in solution at low concentrations. These spectral properties are characteristic of that of a monomer. Increasing the concentrations yields to the formation of aggregates that absorb at 473 nm and emit at 635 nm. Thus, aggregates how larger Stokes shift compared to the monomer. The same phenomenon is also observed when TO monomers interact with DNA at high concentration of TO compared to that of DNA. In this case, the Stokes shift is found equal to at least 100 nm (Ogul chansky et al. 2001). 

Dyes that intercalate DNA show a high quantum yield compared to free dyes in solution. For example, the quantum yield of fluorescence of thiazole orange dimer (TOTO) increases by a factor of 1400 when intercalated in double stranded DNA (dsDNA) (Rye et al. 1992). 

Other fluorophores used include thiazole orange (91) used as an artificial nucleobase, to label aptamers, and with two of the dyes attached to the C5 position of dC to act as a sensitive probe for oligonucleotide hybridisation.Various fluorescein derivatives have been used, including a novel fluorescein phosphoramidite that has been described, and a novel dC-modified derivative as well as some modifications that are formed during oligonucleotide synthesis with the fluorescein HEX. Other derivatives have been used to investigate DNA hybridisation under... 

The PNA FIT probes contain a single cyanine dye that belongs to the thiazole orange (TO) family of intercalator dyes. The dye replaces a canonical nucleobase and, thereby, serves as a fluorescent base surrogate. PNA FIT probes respond to changes of the viscosity around the environmentally sensitive TO dye. 

The detection of DNA can be performed by ultraviolet (UV) detection. However, this has poor sensitivity and subject to much interference. The addition of special dyes such as YO-PROl, BODIPY, and thiazole orange to the separation buffer in CE enables the use of laser-induced fluorescence (LIE), which improves the detection by a factor of 100 times. LIE eliminates the interferences from the nucleotides in the reaction mixture, which absorb light in the UV region. Also, because the sample is diluted, matrix effects become negligible. This enables introducing the sample by eiectrokinetic injection with stacking (concentration on the capillary) too. 

Boc- and Fmoc-terminated fluorescent fluorescein PNA monomer units were synthesized by means of solid-phase synthesis, and the products had photophysical properties comparable to nonmodifled fluorescein conjugates. 2-Aminopurine (2-ap) was the first fluorophore incorporated into a PNA strand for the purpose of examining PNA-DNA complexation via fluctuation in fluorescence emission. A more sophisticated sensing design was introduced by Seitz et al. that utilized the intercalator dye thiazole orange, termed a forced intercalation probe (FIT probe), for the determination of base pair mismatches within a duplex. ... 

Sulfur Bake. The yellow, orange, and brown sulfur dyes belong to this group. The dyes are usually made from aromatic amines, diamines, and their acyl and nuclear alkyl derivatives. These may be used in admixture with nitroanilines and nitrophenols or aminophenols to give the desired shade. The color formed is said to be the result of the formation of the thiazole chromophore, evident in dye structure (1). 

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