Polymer thermal properties

Huang, J.-C. Zhu, Z.-k Yin, J. Qian, X.-F. Sun, Y.-Y., Poly(etherimide)/montmori]lonite nanocomposites prepared by melt intercalation Morphology, solvent resistance properties and thermal properties, Polymer 2001, 42, 873-877. 

G. Madhu, H. Bhunia, P.K. Bajpai, Blends of high density polyethylene and poly(L-lactic acid) mechanical and thermal properties. Polym. Eng. Sci. (2013). doi 10.1002/pen.23764... 

P. Song, Z. Cao, Y. Cai, L. Zhao, Z. Fang, S. Fu, Fabrication of exfoliated graphene-based polypropylene ncuiocomposites with enhanced mechanical cuid thermal properties. Polymer, 52 (18), 4001-4010, 2011. 

T. Kuila, P. Khanra, A.K. Mishra, N.H. Kim, and J.H. Lee, Functionalized-graphene/ethylene vinyl acetate co-polymer composites for improved mechanical and thermal properties. Polymer Testing, 31 (2), 282-289,2012. 

Lee, M. K. Meier, D. J., Synthesis and Properties of Diarylsdoxane and (Aryl/ Methyl)Siloxane Polymers 1. Thermal Properties. Polymer 1994, 34, 4882-4892. 

Cataldo, F. FT-IR spectroscopic characterization of hydrogenated polyoctenamer and polynorbornene and DSC study of their thermal properties. Polym. Int. 1994, 34, 49-57. 

Hamdani, S., Longuet, C., Lopez-Cuesta, J-M., Ganachaud, F. (2010). Calcitmi and aluminum-based fillers as flame-retardant additives in silicone matrices. 1. Blend preparation and thermal properties, Polym Degr Stabil, 95,1911-1919. 

Wang, M., A. J. Hsieh, and G. C. Rutledge (2005). Electrospinning of poly(MMA-c<7-MAA) copolymers and their layered silicate nanocomposites for improved thermal properties. Polymer 46(10) 3407-3418. 

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KE Ikeda, M., Suga, H., and Seki, S., Thermodynamic studies of solid polyethers 5. Crystahine-amorphous interfacial thermal properties, Polymer, 16, 634, 1975. 

Zhang, Z., Chen, S., Zhang, J., Li, B., and Jin, X. (2010) Influence of chlorinated polyethylene on poly(vinyl chloride)/poly (a-methylstyrene-acrylonitrile) blends Mechanical properties, morphology and thermal properties. Polym. Test., 29, 995-1001. 

Yu J, Huang X, Wu C, Wu X, Wang G, Jiang P. Interfacial modification of boron nitride nanoplatelets for epoxy composites with improved thermal properties. Polymer 2012 53 471-80. 

Liu, Z., Chen, K., Yan, D. Material Properties Nanocomposites of Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) with Various Organoclays morphology, mechanical and thermal properties. Polymer Testing 23 323—331 (2004)... 

An extensive new Section 10 is devoted to polymers, rubbers, fats, oils, and waxes. A discussion of polymers and rubbers is followed by the formulas and key properties of plastic materials. Eor each member and type of the plastic families there is a tabulation of their physical, electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties and characteristics. A similar treatment is accorded the various types of rubber materials. Chemical resistance and gas permeability constants are also given for rubbers and plastics. The section concludes with various constants of fats, oils, and waxes. 

The industrial value of furfuryl alcohol is a consequence of its low viscosity, high reactivity, and the outstanding chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of its polymers, corrosion resistance, nonburning, low smoke emission, and exceUent char formation. The reactivity profile of furfuryl alcohol and resins is such that final curing can take place at ambient temperature with strong acids or at elevated temperature with latent acids. Major markets for furfuryl alcohol resins include the production of cores and molds for casting metals, corrosion-resistant fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs), binders for refractories and corrosion-resistant cements and mortars. 

The many commercially attractive properties of acetal resins are due in large part to the inherent high crystallinity of the base polymers. Values reported for percentage crystallinity (x ray, density) range from 60 to 77%. The lower values are typical of copolymer. Poly oxymethylene most commonly crystallizes in a hexagonal unit cell (9) with the polymer chains in a 9/5 helix (10,11). An orthorhombic unit cell has also been reported (9). The oxyethylene units in copolymers of trioxane and ethylene oxide can be incorporated in the crystal lattice (12). The nominal value of the melting point of homopolymer is 175°C, that of the copolymer is 165°C. Other thermal properties, which depend substantially on the crystallization or melting of the polymer, are Hsted in Table 1. See also reference 13. 

Mechanical and Thermal Properties. The first member of the acrylate series, poly(methyl acrylate), has fltde or no tack at room temperature it is a tough, mbbery, and moderately hard polymer. Poly(ethyl acrylate) is more mbberflke, considerably softer, and more extensible. Poly(butyl acrylate) is softer stiU, and much tackier. This information is quantitatively summarized in Table 2 (41). In the alkyl acrylate series, the softness increases through n-octy acrylate. As the chain length is increased beyond n-octy side-chain crystallization occurs and the materials become brittle (42) poly( -hexadecyl acrylate) is hard and waxlike at room temperature but is soft and tacky above its softening point. 

Thermal Properties. ABS is also used as a base polymer in high performance alloys. Most common are ABS—polycarbonate alloys which extend the property balance achievable with ABS to offer even higher impact strength and heat resistance (2). 

Table 2. Thermal Properties of Olefins and Other Fiber-Forming Polymers...

Density, mechanical, and thermal properties are significantly affected by the degree of crystallinity. These properties can be used to experimentally estimate the percent crystallinity, although no measure is completely adequate (48). The crystalline density of PET can be calculated theoretically from the crystalline stmcture to be 1.455 g/cm. The density of amorphous PET is estimated to be 1.33 g/cm as determined experimentally using rapidly quenched polymer. Assuming the fiber is composed of only perfect crystals or amorphous material, the percent crystallinity can be estimated and correlated to other properties. 

The glass-transition temperature, T, of dry polyester is approximately 70°C and is slightly reduced ia water. The glass-transitioa temperatures of copolyesters are affected by both the amouat and chemical nature of the comonomer (32,47). Other thermal properties, including heat capacity and thermal conductivity, depend on the state of the polymer and are summarized ia Table 2. 

Polyimides (PI) were among the eadiest candidates in the field of thermally stable polymers. In addition to high temperature property retention, these materials also exhibit chemical resistance and relative ease of synthesis and use. This has led to numerous innovations in the chemistry of synthesis and cure mechanisms, stmcture variations, and ultimately products and appHcations. Polyimides (qv) are available as films, fibers, enamels or varnishes, adhesives, matrix resins for composites, and mol ding powders. They are used in numerous commercial and military aircraft as stmctural composites, eg, over a ton of polyimide film is presently used on the NASA shuttle orbiter. Work continues on these materials, including the more recent electronic apphcations. 

Poly(l,3,4-oxadia2ole-2,5-diyl-vinylene) and poly(l,3,4-oxadia2ole-2,5-diyl-ethynylene) were synthesi2ed by polycondensation of fumaramide or acetylene-dicarboxamide with hydra2ine sulfate in PPA to study the effect of the two repeating units on polymer electronic and thermal properties (55). 

A very high, price and performance family of polymers called liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) exhibit extremely high mechanical and thermal properties. As their ease of processing and price improve, they may find appHcation in thin-waH, high strength parts such as nails, bolts, and fasteners where metal parts cannot be used for reasons of conductivity, electromagnetic characteristics, or corrosion. 

T and are the glass-transition temperatures in K of the homopolymers and are the weight fractions of the comonomers (49). Because the glass-transition temperature is directly related to many other material properties, changes in T by copolymerization cause changes in other properties too. Polymer properties that depend on the glass-transition temperature include physical state, rate of thermal expansion, thermal properties, torsional modulus, refractive index, dissipation factor, brittle impact resistance, flow and heat distortion properties, and minimum film-forming temperature of polymer latex... 

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