Thermal emulsion breaking

API stands for the American Petroleum Institute and TEB stands for Thermal Emulsion Breaking. Figures 5.1 and 5.2 show two typical types of oil-water separators, gravimetric and parallel plate.7 A dissolved air flotation (DAF) clarifier is commonly used for polishing the effluent from an oil-water separator.8"1013... 

Centrifugation Integrated adsorption Resin adsorption Ozonation Chemical oxidation Aerobic decomposition Thermal emulsion breaking... 

In addition to these three treatment options, several alternative technologies are applicable to the treatment of oily wastewater. These include coalescing, flotation, centrifugation, integrated adsorption, resin adsorption, ozonation, chemical oxidation, aerobic decomposition, and thermal emulsion breaking.18-20... 

PI 6 Emulsion Breaking - Thermal 2 = too parts per million (0.01 percent) to... 

P16 Emulsion Breaking - Thermal S - Less than 1 part per billion... 

A vessel used for the breaking of emulsions and the consequent removal of solids and water (BS W). Emulsion breaking can be accomplished through some combination of thermal, electrical, chemical, or mechanical methods. A treater might be applied to break an emulsion and separate solids and water that could not be removed in a separator. 

Most commonly, a combination of electrical, thermal, chemical, and time factors is applied to an emulsion in a treating facility designed specifically for that emulsion and for that facility. The economics of emulsion breaking determines which methods and to what degree each method is used to achieve the end goals at that facility. 

Caustic-oil Mixing—After the caustic reagent is proportioned into the crude soybean oil, it must be adequately blended to ensure sufficient contact with the FFA, phosphatides, and color pigments. The gums are hydrolyzed by the water in the caustic solution and become oil-insoluble. The caustic and oil are mixed at 30-35°C (86-95°F) in a dwell mixer with a 5- to 15-min residence time. After mixing with caustic solution, the oil is heated to 70-75°C (158-167°F) to provide the thermal shock necessary to break the emulsion. 

Uses Binder for emulsion paints, textured finishes, and thermal insulation systems adhesive for flooring, walls, foam, tiles Prr rerries Disp. 0.1 pm particle size vise. 9000 3000 mPa s pH 7 tens. str. 4 N/mm tens, elong. 600% (break) 50 1% solids... 

The reaction is commonly carried out in water containing the monomer, an emulsifier, or a surface-active agent, and a water-soluble initiator. Initiation may be accomplished through thermal decomposition of the initiator or through a redox reaction. The polymer forms as a colloidal dispersion of fine particles and polymer recovery requires breaking up the emulsion. 

Three events are involved with chain-growth polymerization catalytic initiation, propagation, and termination [3], Monomers with double bonds (—C=C—R1R2—) or sometimes triple bonds, and Rj and R2 additive groups, initiate propagation. The sites can be anionic or cationic active, free-radical. Free-radical catalysts allow the chain to grow when the double (or triple) bonds break. Types of free-radical polymerization are solution free-radical polymerization, emulsion free-radical polymerization, bulk free-radical polymerization, and free-radical copolymerization. Free-radical polymerization consists of initiation, termination, and chain transfer. Polymerization is initiated by the attack of free radicals that are formed by thermal or photochemical decomposition by initiators. When an organic peroxide or azo compound free-radical initiator is used, such as i-butyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, azo(bis)isobutylonitrile, or diazo- compounds, the monomer s double bonds break and form reactive free-radical sites with free electrons. Free radicals are also created by UV exposure, irradiation, or redox initiation in aqueous solution, which break the double bonds [3]. 

---