Thermal destructive distillation

Combustion is the rapid exothermic oxidation of combustible elements in fuel. Incineration is complete combustion. Classical pyrolysis is the destructive distillation, reduction, or thermal cracking and condensation of organic matter under heat and/or pressure in the absence of oxygen. Partial pyrolysis, or starved-air combustion, is incomplete combustion and occurs when insufficient oxygen is provided to satisfy the combustion requirements. The basic elements of each process are shown on Figure 27. Combustion of wastewater solids, a two-step process, involves drying followed by burning. 

The Conradson test (ASTM D-189) measures carbon residue by evaporative and destructive distillation. The sample is placed in a preweighed sample dish. The sample is heated, using a gas burner, until vapor ceases to burn and no blue smoke is observed. After cooling, the sample dish is reweighed to calculate the percent carbon residue. The test, though popular, is not a good measure of the cokeforming tendency of FCC feed because it indicates thermal, rather than catalytic, coke. In addition, the test is labor intensive and is usually not reproducible, and the procedure tends to be subjective. 

D [Discriminatory destructive distillation] A thermal deasphalting process which uses the same short contact time concept as the MSCC process and a circulating solid for heat transfer between reactor and generator. It is claimed to be most effective on heavy contaminated whole crude oils or residues. Developed by Bar-Co and now offered by UOP. 

Petroleum coke is the residue left by the destructive distillation (thermal cracking or coking) of petroleum residua. The coke formed in catalytic cracking operations is usually nonrecoverable because of adherence to the catalyst, as it is often employed as fuel for the process. The composition of coke varies with the source of the crude oil, but in general, is insoluble on organic solvents and has a honeycomb-type appearance. 

T0700 Seaview Thermal Systems, High-Temperature Thermal Distillation T0706 Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc., SAREX Process T0711 Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc., Shirco Infrared Thermal Destruction System T0712 SIVE Services, Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction (SIVE)... 

It is my contention that the optical and physical properties and the optical structure produced during the destructive distillation or thermal decomposition of vitrinite is closely related to mode of carbonization and, in the case of pitch, is intimately related to the method of pitch preparation. For instance, a pitch may be produced from a high or low temperature tar, from a primary cooler tar, or from a flushing liquor tar. In addition, it may be air blown, thermally or chemically treated, straight distilled, or cut back, just to mention a few. Under similar carbonization conditions almost any one of these pitches will produce a coke which has certain characteristics that are related to the parent pitch. Even pitches similarly processed from the tar can differ in the content of quinoline- and benzene-insoluble material and P-resin, and can contain more than one distinct liquid phase. None of these points of difference has been discussed by Dr. Taylor or even recognized in the preparation. To interpret the structure of pitch coke divorced from a knowledge of the pitch source and/or carbonization conditions can lead to erroneous conclusions. These are pertinent data omitted by the authors. 

Pyrolysis. Pyrolysis, eg, retorting, destructive distillation, carbonization, is the thermal decomposition of an organic material in the absence of... 

Destructive distillation thermal decomposition with the simultaneous removal of distillate distillation (g.v.) when thermal decomposition of the constituents occurs. 

Distillation a process for separating liquids with different boiling points without thermal decomposition of the constituents (see Destructive distillation). 

Pitch the nonvolatile, brown to black, semi-solid to solid viscous product from the destructive distillation (q.v.) of many bituminous or other organic materials, especially coal has also been incorrectly applied to residua from petroleum processes where thermal decomposition may not have occurred. 

Pyrolysis is the process of thermal degradation of a substance into smaller, less complex molecules. Many processes exist to thermally depolymerize tires to salable products. Almost any organic substance can be decomposed this way, including rice hulls, polyester fabric, nut shells, coal and heavy crude oil. Pyrolysis is also known as destructive distillation, thermal depolymerization, thermal cracking, coking, and carbonization. 

Pyrolysis refers to the decomposition of organic matter by heat in the absence of air. A common synonym for pyrolysis is devolatilization. Thermal decomposition and destructive distillation are frequently used to mean the same. 

Heating wood to temperatures slightly above 100°C initiates some thermal decomposition. A more active decomposition takes place above 250°C, and for industrial applications temperatures up to 500°C may be used. Above 270°C, thermal decomposition does not require any external heat source because the process becomes exothermic. The thermal decomposition of wood is usually called pyrolysis or carbonization. A number of other terms such as wood distillation, destructive distillation, and dry distillation are used interchangeably for this type of processing. 

Manufactured gases are those obtained by destructive distillation of coal, by the thermal decomposition of oil, or by the reactions of steam passing through a bed of heated coal or coke. Prior to the development of large natural gas reserves, manufactured gas was used widely for illumination in the gaslight era of the United States. 

Thermal Decomposition 1500 CI Carbonization Pyrolysis Wood distillation Destructive distillation Gasification... 

A number of terms are used for the thermal decomposition of wood and generally refer to similar processing methods carbonization, pyrolysis, gasification, wood distillation, destructive distillation, and dry distillation. All result in the thermal breakdown of the wood polymers to smaller molecules in quantities dependent on reaction conditions. The hydrogen content of the gas increases with increasing temperature of pyrolysis. The wood gas has a fuel value of 300 BTU/ft3. 

During World War II in Germany, automobiles were fueled by the gases produced from thermal decomposition of wood and research is ongoing today on the more efficient gasification of wood. Destructive distillation has been used throughout most recorded history to obtain turpentine from pinewood, as discussed later in the chapter. 

The first general synthesis, which has been useful for the preparation of enamines derived from aldehydes, was discovered by Mannich and Davidsen14. According to this method aldehydes and secondary amines react in the cold in the presence of potassium carbonate to give aminals 1 (equation 1). In many cases the aminal becomes the major product15,16 by the use of two equivalents of the amine. Destructive distillation of the aminal then leads to the enamine. Aminals are thermally stable up to temperatures of about 170 °C in the presence of base, and their decomposition to enamines at lower temperatures is acid-catalysed17. 

Early interest in the thermal degradation of cellulose was stimulated by lively academic discussions about the origin of bituminous coal — whether it is derived from the lignin or carbohydrate constituents of wood. This subject was also investigated in an attempt to determine the significance of cellulose in commercial destructive distillation of wood and its contribution to the mixture of degradation products. 

---