Thermal characterization techniques

Slade, P. E. Jenkins, P. E. "Thermal Characterization Techniques" Dekker New York, 1974. 

Another useful thermal characterization technique is thermal compression in which a polymer fabric or biotextile is subjected to different loads at different temperatures. The thickness, pore size, and distribution can be monitored at each condition to prepare ideal scaffolds for tissue engineering. PolyCethylene terephthalate) (PET) nonwoven fiber scaffolds have been prepared for tissue engineering by thermal compression and simultaneous characterization. Applying pressure near the T of the polymer ( 70°C) yielded better control of the pore size distribution and smaller pore sizes, which led to faster and wider proliferation of Irophoblast andNIH 3T3 cells on the scaffold [9]. 

Slade Jr. P. E., and Jenkins, L. T. (Eds), Techniques and Methods of Polymer Evaluation, New York, Marcel Dekker. Vol. 1 Thermal Analysis, 1966 Vol. 2, Thermal Characterization Techniques, 1970. 

Calorimetry is a thermal characterization technique often used to identify and study phase transitions. The technique is particularly valuable in liquid crystal materials as it assists in the accurate measurement of... 

The data presented in Figure 8 graphically illustrate the tremendous and rapid growth in interest in FOSS chemistry, especially for patented applications. This looks set to continue with current applications in areas as diverse as dendrimers, composite materials, polymers, optical materials, liquid crystal materials, atom scavengers, and cosmetics, and, no doubt, many new areas to come. These many applications derive from the symmetrical nature of the FOSS cores which comprise relatively rigid, near-tetrahedral vertices connected by more flexible siloxane bonds. The compounds are usually thermally and chemically stable and can be modified by conventional synthetic methods and are amenable to the usual characterization techniques. The recent commercial availability of a wide range of simple monomers on a multigram scale will help to advance research in the area more rapidly. 

Several new thermal analytical techniques are potentially valuable for the study of second-order transitions in the characterization of amorphous solids and for the accurate determination of glass transition temperatures. These modem techniques can detect and characterize glass transitions and other second-order transitions that are not detectable by conventional thermal analytical techniques such as DSC, TGA, or TMA. 

Riga, A.T. and Judovits, L. 2001. Material Characterization by Dynamic and Modulated Thermal Analytical Techniques . American Society for Testing Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. Rockland, L.B. 1987. Introduction. In Water Activity Theory and Application to Foods (L.B. 

Most workers in the pharmaceutical field identify thermal analysis with the melting point, DTA, DSC, and TG methods just described. Growing in interest are other techniques available for the characterization of solid materials, each of which can be particularly useful to deduce certain types of information. Although it is beyond the scope of this chapter to delve into each type of methodology in great detail, it is worth providing short summaries of these. As in all thermal analysis techniques, the observed parameter of interest is obtained as a function of temperature, while the sample is heated at an accurately controlled rate. 

In this chapter, we introduce some of the most common spectroscopies and methods available for the characterization of heterogeneous catalysts [3-13], These techniques can be broadly grouped according to the nature of the probes employed for excitation, including photons, electrons, ions, and neutrons, or, alternatively, according to the type of information they provide. Here we have chosen to group the main catalyst characterization techniques by using a combination of both criteria into structural, thermal, optical, and surface-sensitive techniques. We also focus on the characterization of real catalysts, and toward the end make brief reference to studies with model systems. Only the basics of each technique and a few examples of applications to catalyst characterization are provided, but more specialized references are included for those interested in a more in-depth discussion. 

This chapter provides a concise summary of the most important concepts and characteristics of CNTs including structural aspects (i.e. chirality, defects, doping), properties (i.e. mechanical, electronic, thermal), synthesis and characterization techniques and post-processing strategies (i.e. purification, separation, functionalization), and is thus intended as an introduction for newcomers. 

While physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques elucidate valuable physical and structural information, thermal analysis techniques offer an additional approach to characterize NOM with respect to thermal stability, thermal transitions, and even interactions with solvents. Information such as thermal degradation temperature (or peak temperature), glass transition temperature, heat capacity, thermal expansion coefficient, and enthalpy can be readily obtained from thermal analysis these properties, when correlated with structural information, may serve to provide additional insights into NOM s environmental reactivity. 

---