Theoretical energy product

Finally, there must be a mechanism for creating a sufficiently high intrinsic coercive force, MHC. What is sufficient depends again on application requirements, but for modem magnet materials it is usually defined as MHC = jBis, the minimum value that permits a close approach to the theoretical energy product limit, (2ttMs)2 = ( BJ2. 

Theoretical energy consumption for hydrogen production from different feedstocks. 

Grubb and Meyer (1993) estimate the technical wind potential for Western Europe to be 17 280PJ/year, corresponding to 15% of the gross electric or theoretical potential (113 040 PJ/year). They exclude areas unsuitable for wind energy production, such as cities, forests and inaccessible mountains, as well as social, environmental and land-use constraints from the theoretical potential and estimate the technical potential. Only sites with an average wind speed above 6 m/s are included, assuming an efficiency factor of 0.3. 

The Sun is divided up theoretically into a large number of layers. The physical parameters, such as temperature, density, luminosity, energy production rate, emitted light and the rate of various nuclear reactions, vary with depth. 

The total theoretical energy input for the second idealized process, per unit mass of fresh water product, is the sum of Equations 32 and 34 ... 

The sum of Equations 51, 52, and 54 gives the total theoretical energy per unit mass of product. The temperature differential, tv, has been omitted in Equation 54 for the same reason as given in the case of Equation 43. Equation 46 may be used to compute tv with H given by... 

The work of Wald, Collins, Morton and Hubbard in this area was presented in a series of papers in 1953-5589. Subsequent authors have not always recognized that there were actually two different Schiff-bases involved. In the early work, Wald introduced the Oxime of Retinal, but only presumed that it was one of the products of his experiments90. This was a Schiff-base, an aldimine, involving a double bond between nitrogen and C15. It did not show an absorption peak near 500 nm. Bownds introduced the idea of a protonated Schiff-base in similar attempts to demonstrate a retinoid with an absorption near 500 nm. This also failed. Subsequently, calculations were performed based on a strained proton position in attempts to lower the theoretical energy of excitation and achieve an absorption peak near 500 nm. The results supported a theoretical peak in the area of 440 nm but held little hope for a peak near 500 nm or beyond. 

As stated above, their shape, their velocity, and their collisions characterize soliton-like waves. In the present state of knowledge, comparison between theoretical analysis and experimental data can be obtained in two basic situations when there is predominance of the nonlinearity dispersion balance, as in BKdV solitons (case A) and when the (free)-energy production dissipation terms dominate (case B). ... 

In section 3.2 it was mentioned that, in addition to a large maximum energy product, a high intrinsic coercive force jHc is needed in some applications. Moreover, the maximum energy product (BH)max itself depends on the coercive force and may become lower than the theoretical limit (Z 77)max = Bt bHc = Js2/4/jl0 if bHc falls appreciably below the value Js/n0. It is desirable therefore to have some understanding of the mechanisms that determine the ultimate magnitude of the coercive force in permanent magnets. 

It follows from this survey that despite the spectacular development a gap exists between the theoretical and practical sides of electrocatalysis and we do not have much information about the sorption of reacting species in the course of a real electrocatalytic process involved in massive energy production or electrosynthesis. 

As can be seen from the reaction equations, the splitting of water requires different amounts of energy dependent on how much of the carbon contained in the (fossil) raw materials is converted into CO2. The energy released during this conversion is consumed in the splitting process and does not need to be introduced from outside. The theoretical energies required for the production of 1 Nm of hydrogen are listed in Table 5-4. 

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