The Sugar Substitutes

The ingredients usually used in these products are polyols such as sorbitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol and polydextrose  

Hydrogenated Glucose Syrup is made by hydrogenating a high maltose glucose syrup. 

These products are a special enzyme-converted glucose syrup which is then hydrogenated. 

Although erythritol (4) is a polyol it avoids the laxative threshold problem because it is excreted via the kidneys. Unfortunately, erythritol is not legal in the EU at the time of writing (1999) although it is legal in 

It is not possible to make a polyol directly from sucrose since the reducing groups are not accessible. However, by some clever chemistry isomalt (5) is produced from sucrose. Sucrose is first rearranged 

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In the case of very weak acids, [H3O+] from the dissociation of water is significant compared with [H30+] from dissociation of the weak acid. The sugar substitute saccharin (C7H5NO3S), for example, is a very weak acid having Ka = 2.1 X 10-12 and a solubility in water of 348 mg/100 mL. Calculate [H30+] ina saturated solution of saccharin. (Hint Equilibrium equations for the dissociation of saccharin and water must be solved simultaneously.)... 

Erbacher, P., Roche, A.C., Monsigny, M. and Midoux, P. (1995) Glycosylated polylysine/DNA complexes Gene transfer efficiency in relation with the size and the sugar substitution level of glycosylated polylysines and with the plasmid size. Bioconjug. Chem., 6, 401—410. 

If the bulk ingredient is suitable then the product can be tabletted directly. A directly compressible form of sucrose is available but is relatively expensive. Fructose and dextrose can also be directly compressed. Specially made, directly compressible forms of the sugar substitutes sorbitol, mannitol and maltitol are available a hygroscopic material like sorbitol would not be easy to wet granulate. 

Also, reaction of sugar iminophosphoranes 73 with acetyl azide affords the sugar substituted carbodumide 74." ... 

Keller U. Zuckerersatzstoffe Fructose und Sorbit ern unno-tiges Risiko in der parenteralen Erndhrung. [The sugar substitutes fructose and sorbite an unnecessary risk in parenteral nutrition.] Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1989 119(4) 101-6. 

Gehring F, Karle EJ. The sugar substitute Palatinit with special emphasis on microbial and caries-preventing aspects. Z Em drung 1981 20 96-106. 

Sugar alcohol (e.g., the sugar substitute sorbitol) Other carbohydrate % Vitamin A as beta-carotene Other essential vitamins and minerals... 

Some of the most important advancements of science are the results of accidental discoveries—for example, penicillin, Teflon, and the sugar substitutes cyclamate and aspartame. Another important chance discovery occurred in 1964, when a group of scientists using platinum electrodes to apply an electric field to a colony of E. coli bacteria noticed that the bacteria failed to divide but continued to grow, forming long, fibrous cells. Further study revealed that cell division was inhibited by small concentrations of c/s-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 and... 

Many familiar substances are oiganic compounds. Some examples include aspartame, the artificial sweetener in the sugar substitute Equal and in many diet sodas salicylic acid, found in some acne medicines and wart-removal treatments and amphetamine, a stimulant used to treat narcolepsy. attentiMi-defidt hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obesity. Identify the functional groupfs) in each molecule ... 

Amino acids are used to make the sugar substitute Aspartame, marketed as NutraSweet and Equal, which is 180 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar). It is a noncarbohydrate sweetener made of aspartic acid and a methyl ester of phenylalanine. However, one breakdown product, phenylalanine, poses a danger to anyone who cannot metabolize it properly, a condition called phenylketonuria (PKU). 

Treating an aldose or ketose with sodium borohydride reduces it to a polyalcohol called an alditol. The alditol derived from D-glucose is called D-glucitol. D-Glucitol occurs in some fruits and berries. It is produced and sold commercially as the sugar substitute called sorbitol. 

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