Glucose-converting enzymes

To simplify the enzymatic measurement of glucose, Free et al. (1956) adopted the principle of the litmus paper used for pH measurement. By impregnating filter paper with the glucose-converting enzymes they obtained the first enzyme test strip which can be regarded as the predecessor of optoelectronic biosensors and which initiated the development and application of dry chemistry . Nowadays highly sophisticated enzyme test strips are commercially available for the determination of about 15 different low molecular weight metabolites as well as the activities of 10 enzymes. 

The vast majority of electrochemical SMBG systems rely on amperometric detection, with coulometric detection used in a small number of systems [52, 61, 66, 71, 131]. For both of these measurement methods, the general mechanism for signal detection is the same the reduced mediator produced from the reaction of the reduced cofactor of the glucose-converting enzyme and oxidized mediator must... 

When you eat starchy foods, they are broken down into glucose by enzymes. The process starts in your mouth with the enzyme amylase found in saliva. This explains why, if you chew a piece of bread long enough, it starts to taste sweet The breakdown of starch molecules continues in other parts of the digestive system. Within 1 to 4 hours after eating, all the starch in food is converted into glucose. 

D-Glucose 6-phosphate is converted enzymically into L-wyo-inositol 1-phosphate (20) in a process which requires NAD+. The base-catalysed cyclization of d-xylo-hexos-5-ulose 6-phosphate (21), followed by reduction with borohydride, leads to (20) and epi-inositol 3-phosphate (22) (Scheme 3).59 This has been put forward as a chemical model for the enzymic synthesis. The phosphorylation of inositols with polyphosphoric acid has been described80 and the p-KVs of inositol hexaphosphate have been determined by 31P n.m.r.61... 

In the production of the sweetener high fructose com symp (HFCS), glucose isomerase is used to convert glucose into fmctose (equilibrium mixture appr. 50 50) since fmctose is nearly three times as sweet as glucose. The enzyme belongs to the subclass intramolecular oxidoreductases interconverting aldoses and ketoses (EC 5.3.1). About 8 million tonnes pr. year of glucose is treated in this way. For further details, see Chapter 4. 

Otani, L., Ninomiya, T., Murakami, M., Osajima, K., Kato, H., and Murakami, T. (2009). Sardine peptide with angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity improves glucose tolerance in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 73, 2203-2209. 

Hypertension is an important risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke. Since ancient times, hypertensive patients have been treated orally with plant extracts based on folk medicine. However, and despite their in vitro vasodilator effects, little information about the protective effects of flavonoids on hypertension is available in the literature. Flavonoids have been considered as active principles of several antihypertensive plant extracts (e.g. rhamnoglycoside of limocitrin isolated from Citrus limonum, kaempferol 4 -0-glucose and hyperin from Euphorbia maddeni, moracenins from Morus alba, procyanidin glycoside from Rhamnus lycioides) [150,151]. In all cases, only the acute antihypertensive effects after i.v. administration in anaesthetised normotensive and/or hypertensive animals have been described. In addition to the direct vasodilator effects discussed above, the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme reported... 

It should be possible to improve the efficiency of the cellulose enzyme complex for hydrolyzing cellulose to glucose. The enzyme complex apparently contains decrystallizing and hydrolysis enzymes that work together to convert cellulose to glucose. Isolation of the specific enzymes and genetic engineering could provide a more efficient complex. 

ESKD (see Chap. 44), necessitating dialysis or transplantation for survival (see Chaps. 45 and 87). The rate of progression can be slowed and in some cases halted through dietary modification and blood pressure control, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker therapy, and improved glucose control in patients with type I diabetes mellitus (see Chap. 43). The efficacy of these interventions is optimally assessed with serial measurements of accurate and sensitive indices of GFR such as iohexol, iothalamate, or radioisotope clearances. ... 

Glucagon and the liver. The action of glucagon on the liver is shown above. The major overall effect is an increase in blood glucose, from glycogen and gluconeogenesis, and an increase in ketone bodies (see text for more detail). Major allosteric and covalent effects are shown, with the final form of covalently converted enzymes shown in purple, and reactions increased by glucagon shown with purple arrows and those slowed shown with dashed lines (see text for... 

Ketomax . [UOP] Immobilized glucose isomerase enzyme converting glucose to fructose. 

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