The role of models

Device models provide a common language for the discussion of the characteristics of transistor devices. The parameters measured in device characterization are the raw material with which the behavior of devices can be summarized using a few parameters and insights about the physical processes which underlie OFET behavior can be explained. 

There are many excellent books and articles which discuss parameter extraction and device modeling of silicon and OFET devices in greater detail [112] [113]. This discussion will highlight the standard techniques for device characterization which have been used in OFETs, and also describe several of the newer techniques which are being developed which address the specific challenges that OFETs face. 

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Michael Schrage is co-director of the MIT Media Lab s eMarkets Initiative and a senior advisor to the MIT Security Studies Program. His research focuses on the role of models, prototypes, and simulations as essential media for managing innovation and risk. His book, Serious Play (Harvard Business School Press, 2000), explores the economics and ethology of modeling within organizations. 

In our brain, neurons store, exchange, and retrieve information by means of extremely complicated chemical processes.1160,611 Synthetic multistate/multifunc-tional systems may play the role of models in initial attempts to understand the chemical basis of complex biological processes.1201 It is not at all clear whether wet ... 

Advances such as these underscore the need for maintaining a proper perspective on the role of modeling in adsorptive technology. At present, modeling provides a useful means for interpretation of benchscale adsorption data, and for translation of that data to the design of appropriate pilot test programs. It is unrealistic in most water and waste applications to use models for the direct design of... 

Coyle D, Lee KM, O Brian BJ. The role of models with economic analysis Focus on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacoeconomics 2002 20(suppl 1) 11-19. 

Barnthouse, L.W. 1992. The role of models in ecological risk assessment a 1990s perspective. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11 1751-1760. 

In order to facilitate model support in the process of implementation of the WFD by water managers, it is of crucial importance to structure the process in an appropriate way. Figure 4.2.1 presents the WFD s implementation timetable, indicating the role of modelling. References to articles of the Directive are also given. 

Figure 4.2.1 Timetable of implementation of the Water Framework Directive and the role of modelling to support different management tasks identification of pressures and impacts (blue), design of programmes of measures (red), implementation of measures (green) and evaluation of the results (purple) (see Plate 3)...

Chemistry teachers seem to focus their practice on the content of specific models, rather than on the nature of models and modelling (Van Driel, 1998) and/or without emphasising the role of models and... 

There have been very few initiatives to promote the development of teachers pedagogical content knowledge in this area. It seems that the outcomes of the current research on teachers (and students ) views and uses of models and modelling in chemical education, as well as the consideration of the role of models and modelling in the development of specific chemical knowledge, may lead to interesting proposals for curriculum development. 

Weiss, H. M. (1977). Subordinate imitation of supervisor behavior The role of modeling in organizational socialization. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 19, 89-105. 

Steel, M. and Penny, D., Parsimony, likelihood and the role of models in molecular phylogenetics. Mol. Biol. Evol, 17, 839-850, 2000. 

The role of models in process development is discussed in the paper. Scientists are developing more and more impressive results in computer aided process engineering and that way generating new possibilities. In spite of that, there exist, at least in most areas of chemical and process industries, series difficulties when models area applied in practice. Such difficulties are described with two industrial examples of process development projects. Requirements for models and modelling are discussed from then viewpoint of practical process development. An attempt is made to suggest such further research areas in computer aided process engineering, which would reduce the gap between the theoretical developments and practical application in the field. 

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