The research areas

This sets out the specific objectives for European R D and defines the research areas and the budget envelope for the period 1994-1998 at a total budget 12.3 BECU... 

This chapter gives a selected overview of the current status of supercomputing research In chemistry and chemical engineering and places the research areas discussed In the rest of the book In the context of current work. 

In most cases, in consultation with the HTS group, the research area laboratory will develop a benchtop assay that is at least compatible with the HTS format of choice for their target. This tends to facilitate project transitions and provides a tool that the research area laboratory will use later to follow up hits and develop SAR. In other cases, the HTS assay development group will assume all responsibility for assay development. The formality of the transfer of the project from the research area to the HTS group varies between organizations, but the outcomes are quite similar. All of the details of the prototype assay are reviewed by both teams, and, where applicable, reagents, protocols, and even plates or pipette tips are exchanged. 

Although the research area of artificial life (AL) does not really fall within the scope of this book, it will be introduced briefly below. The dream that humankind can act as the creator of life can be found in various works of literature, for example Goethe s Faust, Strindberg s By the Open Sea or Mary Shelley s Frankenstein. There were also attempts to solve the problem of life from purely technical and... 

The Marine Biotechnology Institute (MBI) was founded in 1987 for the study and applications of biodiversity in marine environments. Currently, and within the scope of the present book, the research area of relevance is industrial applications of microbiology . The institute also performs research in C02 fixation. The Applied Microbiology Laboratory is searching cost-effective utilization of microbes for environmental conservation and restoration. In particular, the decontamination of areas polluted with petroleum-related compounds has been addressed. Attention has been paid to removal of polycyclic hydrocarbons. They are also developing processing methods for the conversion of biomass and organic wastes by methane fermentation. 

Select the research area Selecting the boundaries of the case and identify the primary and part of the secondary process (operational process), which together with the tertiary process constitutes the research area. 

The purpose of Stage 1 is to define the research area, to establish a clear boundary between factors which are to be included and excluded in the analysis. 

Identify the precursors in the part of the operational process selected as the research area. 

After providing this brief overview of the research areas of the three cases, the results of applying the developed 7-stage protocol is presented in the next Section. 

In sub-Section 7.1.2 the operational processes of the three cases were identified. The tertiary processes will be presented in sub-Section 7.2.4, after retrieving the data from the operational processes, which completes the research area, as discussed in Chapter 5. 

The research area of block copolymer micelles has been reviewed by other authors including Price [4], Piirma [5], Tuzar and Kratochvil [6], Riess and coworkers [7,8], Webber et al. [9], Alexandridis and Hatton [10], Nace [11], Hamley [2], Alexandridis and Iindman [12], and Xie and Xie [13]. A very complete review on block copolymer micelles was published recently by... 

Advances in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry is different from other ion chemistry series in that it focuses on reviews of the author s own work rather than give a generai review of the research area. This allows for presentation of some current work in a timely fashion which marks the unique nature of this series. Emphasis is placed on gas phase ion chemistry in its broadest sense to include ion neutral, ion electron, and ion-ion reactions. These reaction processes span the various disciplines of chemistry and include some of those in physics. Within this scope, both experimental and theoretical contributions are included which deal with a wide variety of areas ranging from fundamental interactions to applications in real media such as Interstellar gas clouds and pleismas used in the etching of semiconductors. The authors are scientists who are leaders in their fields and the series will therefore provide an up-to-date analysis of topics of current importance. This series is suitable for researchers and graduate students working in ion chemistry and related fields and will be an invaluable reference for years to come. The contributions to the series embody the wealth of molecular information that can be obtained by studying chemical reactions between ions, electrons and neutrals in the gas phase. 

The Introduction section of a journal article Identlhes the research area, explains the Importance of the research, provides background Information, cites and summarizes key literature in the held, points out what still needs to be studied, and Introduces the reader to the work presented In the article. The Methods section—formally known as Materials and Methods or Experimental (Section)— describes how the study was conducted. The Results section summarizes quantitative (and possibly qualitative) data collected during the study. In the Discussion section, authors interpret their data and suggest the larger implications and/or applications of their results. Each of these major sections can be further divided into moves, as we will see in subsequent chapters. 

How has this work increased our fundamental understanding of the research area ... 

The Introduction begins with the most general information (the research area) and gradually shifts to a more specihc focus (the current work), preparing the reader for the highly specihc focus of the Methods section. This transition from general to specihc is apparent in the now-familiar hourglass shape of the journal article. 

The first sentence in the Introduction section should convey the general topic of the paper (I.e., the research area), not the specific work to be reported. 

To illustrate how authors progress through move 2 in their proposals, let s examine some excerpts. The hrst submove of move 2 identihes the research area and, whenever possible, also hints at why the research area is important. Eor example, in the following passages (all hrst sentences of move 2), the broad research area is identified and its importance is suggested. The proposed work is not mentioned. This does not occur until move 3. 

One way authors stress importance as they share background information is to document widespread interest in the research area (i.e., if others studied it, it must be important). Slightly different tactics are used depending on how new the research area is. If the field is already well established, phrases such as longterm interest, renewed interest, extensively studied, or for decades, chemists have studied are commonly employed. If the field is relatively new, such phrases as emerging interest, increased attention, previously unstudied, promising new approach, unexplored area, or an area of mounting concern are more appropriate. 

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