The production of porcelains

Ionic structure of each plane 6 oxygen 4 silicon 

4 oxygen + 2 hydroxyl 6 magnesium 4 oxygen + 2 hydroxyl 4 silicon 6 oxygen 

Physical and chemical properties of glassy and liquid silicates 313 

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Sticky waxes are used as thermoplastic cements. The broken pieces of a plaster impression are reassembled and held in position with sticky wax. Broken denture bases may be held in proper alignment for repair. Orthodontic apphances may be assembled with a sticky wax prior to investing and soldering. Plaster splints may be sealed to stone models in the production of porcelain or resin facings. Thus, sticky wax is useflil in almost any operation where it is desired to position and hold several small pieces in a temporary relationship. 

Table 8.6 gives the water use for each process in the production of porcelain enameled steel for the above plants. Pollutant concentrations for treated effluents are presented in Table 8.7.3-6... 

WOOD, was that of painting on vases and other objects attention exclusively to the production of porcelain. ... 

Porcelain is a non-porous, white and partially translucent ceramic material of a triaxial composition. It was known in China at the beginning of the present era and was developed in Europe only in the 18th century. High-quality kaolin is a necessary condition for the production of porcelain. Manufacture of porcelain has therefore developed in countries with deposits of suitable kaolin. 

Porcelain Porcelain tableware and works of art have been manufactured in Europe since the eighteenth century. Porcelain is a noble ceramic material with a dense white body, impermeable to water and gases. Thin-walled porcelain allows the passage of light. For the production of porcelain, a process similar to that used for... 

Vitrification - heat treatment which produces enough viscous liquid at the firing temperature to completely fill the porous spaces in the original powder compact. This process is relatively inexpensive and is of particular importance in the production of porcelain and clay-based ceramics. 

As already discussed, although the porcelain manufactory at Meissen started the production of porcelain in 1710, the decoration was poor because the ceramic pigments and dyes used for low-temperature glazes were not stable in the... 

Another large appHcation is as an ingredient in the production of charcoal briquettes. The amount of sodium nitrate used in charcoal briquette manufacture depends on the type and amount of wood and coal used. Typically charcoal briquettes contain up to almost 3% sodium nitrate. Sodium nitrate is also used in the manufacture of enamels and porcelain as an oxidizing and fluxing agent. In porcelain—enamel frits used for metal coating, the amount of sodium nitrate in a batch varies with the various metal bases to be coated, typically from about 3.8 to 7.8 wt %. 

Intercalation in layered solids is a long-established phenomenon. It has been suggested [ 1 ] that the first example, dating from over two thousand years ago, involved intercalation in kaolinite (an aluminosilicate clay) and explains the secret behind the production of fine Chinese porcelain, hi modern times, many thousands of papers have been devoted to intercalation chemistry in clays, graphite and other materials. 

Nickel oxide is used in the ceramic industry for making frit, ferrites, and coloring porcelain. The oxide in sinter form is used in the production of nickel-steel alloys. It supplies oxygen to the melt for removal of carbon as carbon dioxide. Some other important uses of nickel oxide include preparation of many nickel salts, specialty chemicals, and nickel catalysts. It also is used as an electrode in fuel cells. 

Place the prepared silicon (or the product of reacting silicon(lV) oxide with magnesium) in a porcelain boat into quartz tube 1 of the apparatus shown in Fig. 111. Dry the apparatus and the silicon in a stream of dry carbon dioxide at 200 °C during one hour. Raise the temperature of the furnace to 400 C and use a chlorine stream instead of that of carbon dioxide. Perform chlorination during... 

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