Ceramics pigments

Lead ll) oxide, PbO, exists in two forms as orange-red litharge and yellow massicot. Made by oxidation of Pb followed by rapid cooling (to avoid formation of Pb304). Used in accumulators and also in ceramics, pigments and insecticides. A normal hydroxide is not known but hydrolysis of lead(II) oxyacid salts gives polymeric cationic species, e.g. [Pb OfOH) ] and plumbates are formed with excess base. 

Putile Ceramic Pigments. StmcturaHy, aH mtile pigments are derived from the most stable titanium dioxide stmcture, ie, mtile. The crystal stmcture of mtile is very common for AX2-type compounds such as the oxides of four valent metals, eg, Ti, V, Nb, Mo, W, Mn, Ru, Ge, Sn, Pb, and Te as weH as haHdes of divalent elements, eg, fluorides of Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn. 

Cobalt pigments are usually produced by mixing salts or oxides and calcining at temperatures of 1100—1300°C. The calcined product is then milled to a fine powder. In ceramics, the final color of the pigment maybe quite different after the clay is fired. The materials used for the production of ceramic pigments are... 

Pigment Systems. Most of the crystals used for ceramic pigments are complex oxides, owing to the great stability of oxides in molten silicate glasses. Table 3 fists these materials. The one significant exception to the use of oxides is the family of cadmium sulfoselenide red pigments. This family is used because the colors obtained caimot be obtained in oxide systems thus it is necessary to sustain the difficulties of a nonoxide system. 

Uniformity and Reproducibility. For most ceramic pigments rapid, uniform, and reproducible conversion to the desired product requires great care in production (40). Adjustment of each lot to standard, using toners, is usually required. The Victoria green garnet, the manganese alumina pink comndum, and the chrome—tin pink sphene are noteworthy for their difficulty in making reproducible product. 

As the level of opacifier is lowered in a glass system, the level of opacification drops. This yields semi-opaque glasses which allow the development of soft pastel colors. Strong colors result from clear glasses. The clarity allows the use of ceramic pigments (qv) (mixed-metal oxides) for the development of a wide variety of colors in almost any hue, saturation, and brightness. 

Ceramic pigments, 7 345-354 19 404 Ceramic-polymer composites ferroelectric, 11 100-101 sol-gel technology in, 23 80-81 Ceramic powders, 1 704 Ceramic processes, chemical-based, 23 53-54... 

Tricobalt tetroxide is a minor component of commercial cobalt oxides. It is used in ceramics, pigments, and enamels. Other applications are in grinding wheels, in semiconductors, and for preparing cobalt metal. 

Nickel carbonate is used to prepare nickel catalysts and several specialty compounds of nickel. It also is used as a neutralizing agent in nickel plating solutions. Other applications are in coloring glass and in the manufacture of ceramic pigments. 

Nickel salts are used in electroplating, ceramics, pigments, and as catalysts. Sinter nickel oxide is used as charge material in the manufacture of alloy steel and stainless steel. Nickel is also used in alkaline (nickel-cadmium) batteries. 

Domenech A, Torres FJ, Ruiz de Sola E, Alarcon J (2006) Electrochemical detection of high oxidation states of chromium(lV and V) in chromium-doped cassiterite and tin-sphene ceramic pigmenting systems. Eur J Inorg Chem 638-648. 

Applied Chemistry and Applied Chemical Analysis deal with application of chemistry to practical purposes such as manuf and analyses of glass, ceramics, pigments, metals, expls, plastics, etc... 

Cobalt Sulfates. Both cobaltous and cobaltic sulfates are known, of which the cobaltous sulfate, CoS04, or its hydrates are used in industry, such as in baths for Co plating, ceramics, pigments, glazes and in catalysts. 

In this paper we have presented several applications of LA-ICP-MS to archaeological materials. Although our discussion has centered upon characterization of obsidian, ceramics, pigments, and bone, LA-ICP-MS has... 

Praseodymium 59 Pr Alloys, didymium glass (for protective goggles), yellow ceramic pigments, cryogenic refrigerant, misch metal... 

Rare earths are used in the paints and pigments industry (i) as coating materials for pigments to enhance their durability and performance characteristics, (ii) in the manufacture of ceramic pigments and (iii) in the manufacture of driers for organic coatings. 

In solid solutions, rare earths impart colour to the solutions due to their electronic configurations. This property has been profitably used in the manufacture of ceramic pigments which are extensively used in colouring of wall and floor tiles, table-ware and sanitary-ware. Cerium and praseodymium are extensively used in ceramics pigments. The shades that result due to the use of cerium and praseodymium are yellow, orange and green. 

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